摘要
在国际竞争加剧的今天,人工智能成为了关乎国家安全的关键技术.人工智能治理不仅是各国国内政策的当务之急,也成为全球治理的一个全新领域.欧盟和美国是人工智能技术领域的领先者,也在全球人工智能治理中扮演重要角色.在人工智能治理模式上,欧盟采取的是基于权利和风险的"硬监管"模式,侧重在法律层面搭建全面的人工智能治理框架,以加强监管方面的领导力,发挥其"规范性力量".美国采取的则是基于市场与技术的"软监管"模式,依赖总统行政令等"软法"进行治理,鼓励"行业自治"和"自我监管",以保持在技术上的领导力.欧盟和美国在人工智能治理方面的差异具体体现在政策工具性质、治理机构设置以及治理过程中私营部门的参与三个方面.欧美人工智能治理模式的差异可以从政策传统、利益集团影响以及产业生态三个方面得到解释.欧美两种治理模式都是根据各自特殊情况探索出的合适道路,两者之间并不存在根本的冲突.中国具备调和欧美两种治理模式的潜力,找到一条平衡的人工智能治理道路.
Abstract
With the extension of global competition,artificial intelligence has turn into a pivotal technology related to national security while the governance of artificial intelligence has become a priority in both domestic and global arenas.The European Union(EU)and the United States(US)are two leading technical actors in artificial intelligence,which are playing critical roles and leading two models in governance.The EU's governance model features"hard regulation"based on rights and risks,emphasizing the establishment of a comprehensive framework of governance through laws and regulations,in order to enhance its"normative power".In contrast,the US'governance model is characterized by"soft regulation"relied on"soft tools",for instance,the presidential order,encouragement of"industry self-governance"and"self-regulation",in order to maintain its technical leadership.The divergence of two governance models is manifested in three aspects,including the usage of governance tools,the design of governance institutions,and the participation of private actors,which can be explained by three major factors,namely policy traditions,influence of interest groups,and ecology of the artificial intelligence industry.In fact,these two models do not have substantial conflicts,on the contrary,both are appropriate approaches in line with their unique circumstances.As artificial intelligence de-velops,it is also urgent for China to develop its own governance model through seeking a balance between the EU model and the US model.
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