At a metaphysical level,the problem of causation by omissions has not been systematically explained.Both dependency and process theories of causality face several shortcomings in addressing this issue.Wolff and others have proposed a force theory,which argues that causation by omission is e-quivalent to the removal of a force,providing an explanation beyond the concept of double prevention.This theory emphasizes the combination of relation-ships within a causal chain,which can be represented using integral calculus,and utilizes a free-body diagram to illustrate these relationships.The force theory advances the process-theoretic explanation of causation by resolving some puzzles that have long troubled philosophers:how omissions can lead to the occurrence of events,how omissions enable the transmission of force,and what omissions can be attributed as causes.Thus,force dynamics can serve as a foundational causal semantic framework,offering a more systematic explanation of causation by omissions and related concepts.
causation by omissiondependency theoryprocess theoryforce theorycausal chains
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