Integrated protection and restoration for full-array ecosystems in dryland:A perspective of land degradation neutrality
How to seek solutions with clear objectives,appropriate interventions,and integrat-ed approaches is especially critical to integrated protection and systematic governance(IPSG)of full-array ecosystems(FAE).Thus,the concept of land degradation neutrality(LDN)was in-troduced into the practice of IPSG in FAE,whereby a theoretical framework encompassing du-al objects,dual laws,dual principles,indicator systems,and value orientations was constructed.Then,in the case of urban agglomeration of north slope of the Tianshan Mountains,the type identification and degree measurement of degraded and improved land was completed at the pixel scale,while the gap to LDN was quantified at both administrative units and grid scales.The results showed that:(1)At the pixel scale,the area of improved land was marginally higher than that of degraded land in 2005-2020,which was mainly mildly improved or degraded.Se-vere degradation was often associated with the transfer-in of unutilized land,urban land,and mining land,along with the transfer-out of water bodies,glaciers,and forests.However,culti-vated land and grassland could affect degradation or improvement no matter whether the trans-fer occurred or not.(2)At the regional scale,the target of LDN was not achieved in the study area,owing to the denial of land resources maintaining ecosystem services and functions.Simi-larly,the vast majority of administrative units or grids encountered the simultaneous negation of the dual objects,while achieving LDN is only rare.(3)Drawing upon normative value orien-tations,functionalist tendencies,and human-land coordination,we propose that emphasis should be placed on coordinating the bottom-line thinking with moderate governance,unifying the differential treatment of elements with system-wide integrated protection,and subsequently synergizing multiple objectives to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.In conclusion,the LDN target encompasses characteristics of openness,inclusivity,and pru-dence,so this study could provide scientific foundations and decision-making references for the IPSG of FAE in dryland.
land degradation neutralityfull-array ecosystemsecological protection and resto-rationecosystem servicesnorth slope of the Tianshan Mountains
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