摘要
如何感通神明是上古礼乐文明的重要课题.三代礼乐文明从尚气、尚声至于尚臭,最终确立灌酒于地,而后酒香升腾于上,求诸阴阳于上下左右以歆神、降神的宗周酒礼文明.此一酒礼文明既包含了对酒之"通神"特质与"合欢"功用的肯定与称赏,又努力将酒放置于一个宏大的文明传统中,使饮酒行为不流于表面的欢愉与放纵,而沉淀出慎终追远的礼乐风尚;同时以尊尚玄酒、醴酒等方式,令酒浸渍了深厚的礼乐熏陶,使"酒以藏礼""醉酒饱德"真正得以可能.概言之,酒鬯之设一方面以歆神降神为职志,成为沟通人神的主要载体;另一方面又以合欢宴乐为归依,成为敦亲睦族不可或缺的组成部分,天道与人道、神圣性与世俗性通过酒鬯之设真正可以融通为一.圣人以酒为戒,又援酒入礼,实蕴含一种深邃而厚重的礼乐文明精神.
Abstract
How to sense and communicate with the gods was an important topic in ancient ritual and music civilization.The rites and music culture of the three dynasties have evolved from honoring qi(material force or vital energy)气,honoring sound,to honoring odor,and finally established the wine ritual in the Zhou Dynasty,which is to please and surrender to the gods by pouring wine on the ground,then the aroma of wine rises to the top,seeking the yin阴 and yang阳 cosmic energy in all directions,up and down,left and right.This culture includes the affirmation and appreciation of the two functions of wine,namely,"communicating with the divine"and"creating communal joy".It also attempts to embed wine into a grand civilized tradition,in order that the drinking behavior is not confined to superficial pleasure and indulgence,but serves to cultivate the fashion of ritual and music,which teaches one to carefully perform the funeral rites of parents and follow them when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice.At the same time,by respecting xuan wine(water)玄酒,sweet wine醴酒 and so on,wine is impregnated with profound etiquette and music,so that"concealing ritual in wine"酒以藏礼 and"being drunk yet full of virtues"醉酒饱德 become truly possible.On the one hand,the setting of wine serves to please the gods and form a séance,in that sense wine has become the main carrier of communication between people and gods;on the other hand,it has become an indispensable part of the family clan when the setting of wine provides people with communal joy and feasting pleasure.Thus the heavenly and humanly way,the sacred and the secular can be integrated as one through the wine ritual.The sages take wine as a precept and enter the ceremony by means of wine,which implies a profound spirituality of the ritual and music civilization.
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