摘要
士冠礼"三加",始加缁布冠,再加皮弁冠,三加爵弁冠.皮弁冠尊于缁布冠,爵弁冠又尊于皮弁冠,故曰"三加弥尊"."三加"是冠礼中的重要内容,"三加"之冠服及仪式中所体现出的"成人之志"与"成人之德"则是冠礼意义的集中体现,这也是先秦儒家"成人"观念的核心内容."三加弥尊,谕其志也",是言三冠中包含着"成人之志".缁布冠,太古之冠,具有"尚质重古"之义;皮弁冠,三皇时所造,君臣同服,具有"三王之德"之义;爵弁冠,"此与君祭之服",具有"敬事神明"之义.故而三冠的礼学意义是事亲、事君、事鬼神,这也是三冠中所包含的"成人之志".冠礼仪式的完成,象征着冠者由"童子"进入了"成人"阶段.有其"志"必有其"德",冠者既然有事亲、事君、事鬼神的"成人之志",必当有相应的"成人之德"与之相称.首先是对于外表、言行的要求,即"容体正,颜色齐,辞令顺";其次是对于儒家伦理关系的践行与遵守,即"正君臣、亲父子、和长幼";最后是以"成人之德"行之于世,肩负起儒家责任与担当,也就是"治人",即"孝悌忠顺之行立,而后可以为人;可以为人,而后可以治人也".这便是先秦儒家对于"成人之德"的要求.
Abstract
The capping ceremony for men entails three steps:firstly,putting on the head-cloth缁布冠;secondly,putting on a hat with leather belt皮弁冠;and thirdly,putting on the scarf-cap with official robe爵弁冠.The capping with leather belt is more honorable than that with head-cloth,and the capping with official robe is more honorable than that with leather belt,hence the saying"the three steps of capping make the ceremony perfectly dignified"三加弥尊.The three steps constitute the most important part of the capping ceremony through which the meaning of"the will of an adult"and"the virtue of an adult"is fully expressed.That also signifies the pre-Qin concept of"adulthood".The three steps of capping are meant to highlight the will of an adult.Capping with head-cloth refers to the capping of ancient times which implies a respect for quality and antiquity;capping with leather belt was created by the Three Emperors三皇 and worn by both the monarch and the ministers,which implies the virtues of the three kings;and capping with official robe carries the same weight as that of sacrificial clothing and implies serving the gods with solemnity.Therefore the ritual of three-step-capping acquires a peculiar significance with reference to serving the parents,serving the emperor and serving the ghosts and gods.The completion of the capping ceremony symbolizes one's initiation into adulthood and bidding farewell to his childhood.Along with one's realization of the adult's will is his awareness of the adult's virtue,in the sense that one ought to shoulder the responsibility of an adult,namely,put the Confucian morals such as filial piety and loyalty into practice.
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