摘要
针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例.2021-2022 年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为 2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量 20%灌水),副区为 5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥),探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征.结果表明,与传统灌水(I2)相比,减量 20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential,LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),提高了胞间CO2 浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量;有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响,随有机肥比例增加,有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应;与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比,减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index,MLAI)提高了 6.9%～7.1%,总光合势(total photosynthetic potential,TLAD)无显著变化;玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了 5.0%～11.4%,吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了 7.5%～9.1%.I1F2 较I2F1 提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content,SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs,降低了Ci.2 年内I1F2 较I2F1 玉米增产 12.0%～12.5%,籽粒中蛋白含量提高了 6.9%～18.9%,籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了 29.6%～43.3%、77.7%～93.3%、49.7%～51.5%、18.4%～28.6%、39.5%～46.0%、57.4%～78.1%和 35.1%～41.3%.其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响,但综合 2 年结果,I1F2 影响更显著.因此,减量 20%灌水(3240 m3 hm-2)结合 75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm-2)配施 25%有机肥(90 kg hm-2)是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式.
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of high water and fertilizer inputs and low utilization efficiency for maize production in the Oasis irrigation areas,the effects of different irrigation levels and equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer on photosynthesis physiology,grain yield and quality of maize were investigated to obtain the optimal irrigation levels and nitro-gen(N)application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer.A filed experiment was conducted with the two-factor split-plot,two irrigation levels(conventional irrigation and 20%reduced irrigation)were used in the main plot and five organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer ratios(all inorganic N fertilizer,75%inorganic N fertilizer and 25%organic fertilizer,50%inorganic N fertil-izer and 50%organic fertilizer,25%inorganic N fertilizer and 75%organic fertilizer,and all organic fertilizer)were used in the split-plot in order to investigate the response of maize photosynthetic physiology,grain yield,and quality to different water and nitrogen fertilizer management patterns.Compared with the conventional irrigation(I2),20%reduction irrigation(I1)reduced maize leaf area index(LAI),photosynthetic potential(LAD),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),and stomatal conductance(Gs),and increased intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),grain protein content,and grain threonine content;organic and inorganic fertilizers have a significant effect on maize photosynthetic physiological indicators,grain yield and quality,with the increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers,the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on maize will gradually change from a positive effect to a negative effect;compared with traditional irrigation combined with the full application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(I2F1),20%reduction of irrigation combined with 75%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 25%organic fertilizer(I1F2)increased the maize mean leaf area index(MLAI)by 6.9%-7.1%,and there was no significant change in total photosyn-thetic potential(TLAD),and the LAI of I1F2 was increased by 5.0%-11.4%from silking to doughing in maize,and LAD was increased by 7.5%-9.1%from silking to doughing.I1F2 increased chlorophyll content(SPAD),Pn,Tr,and Gs,and decreased Ci in maize from tasseling to doughing compared with I2F1.Compared with I2F1,I1F2 increased grain yield by 12.0%-12.5%in maize,increased grain protein content by 6.9%-18.9%,and Phe,Lys,Thr,Trp,Leu,Ile,and Val contents of grain in maize were increased by 29.6%-43.3%,77.7%-93.3%,49.7%-51.5%,18.4%-28.6%,39.5%-46.0%,57.4%-78.1%,and 35.1%-41.3%,respectively.Other treatments also had some effects on maize photosynthetic physiology,seed yield and quality indexes,but the combined two-year re-sults showed that the effects of I1F2 were more significant.Therefore,the 20%reduction in irrigation(3240 m3 hm-2)combined with 75%inorganic chemical N fertilizer(270 kg hm-2)and 25%organic fertilizer(90 kg hm-2)treatment was an appropriate water and N management model to achieve high yield and quality of maize production in the northwestern irrigation areas.
基金项目
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1900405)
国家自然科学基金项目(32101857)
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218)
甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10)
维普
万方数据