探究减氮及有机肥替代对旱地冬小麦产量形成和经济效益的影响,为实施化肥减量和有机肥替代提供理论和技术依据.2021—2023年度,基于2019年开始设置在黄土高原和黄淮海平原交汇处典型旱地冬小麦产区(河南洛宁和河南孟津)的定位试验,研究了冬小麦干物质积累转运分配特性、氮肥干物质生产效率、产量及其构成要素和经济效益.试验设置不施氮肥(NN)、农户施氮(FN)、基于FN减氮20％(RN)和RN基础上20％氮肥用有机肥替代(OSN)4个处理.结果表明:(1)与FN相比,RN处理降低了小麦拔节期、开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量以及成熟期茎鞘、穂轴+颖壳和籽粒的干物质分配量,但对籽粒产量无显著影响.(2)与FN和RN相比,OSN处理提高了各生育阶段的氮肥干物质生产效率,从而增加了拔节期、开花期、成熟期的干物质积累量,而且提高了花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率,进而使成熟期地上部各器官的干物质分配量均得到显著提高,最终使籽粒产量分别显著增加15.03％和17.12％,经济效益增加3.84％和4.23％.(3)小麦产量与花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量和花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率呈极显著正相关,与花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率呈极显著负相关.综上,在雨养条件下,小麦季施氮量为172 kg hm-2(夏休闲-冬小麦)和192 kg hm-2(夏玉米-冬小麦)的基础上,OSN处理提高了氮肥干物质生产效率,增加各生育时期的干物质积累量,其花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量的协同增加使其获得了最高产量,实现增产增收,适宜在产量水平为5000 kg hm-2的雨养旱地冬小麦高产栽培中应用.
Effects of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on dry matter accumulation,translocation,distribution,and yield of dryland winter wheat
The effects of reducing chemical nitrogen and organic fertilizer substitution on dryland winter wheat yield formation and economic benefit were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the implementation of chemical fertilizer re-duction and organic fertilizer substitution.A field experiment with four treatments:no nitrogen application (NN),farmer nitrogen application (FN),20％ reduction of N fertilizer based on FN (RN),and organic fertilizer substituting 20％ nitrogen of RN (OSN)—was conducted at Mengjin and Luoning,Henan province,typical dryland wheat production system at the intersection of the Loess Plateau and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,from 2019 to 2023.The effects of different treatments on dry matter accumula-tion,translocation,distribution,applied nitrogen dry matter productivity,yield and its components,and economic benefit were analyzed.The results showed the following:(1) Compared with FN,RN reduced dry matter accumulation of wheat at jointing,anthesis,and maturity stages,as well as pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and dry matter distribution in the stem,spike axis+glume,and grain at maturity,but had no significant effect on grain yield.(2) Compared with FN and RN,OSN increased applied nitrogen dry matter productivity at each growth stage,significantly enhancing dry matter accumulation at jointing,anthe-sis,and maturity stages.OSN also increased pre-anthesis dry matter translocation,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation,and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain.This led to increased dry matter distribution in all above-ground organs at maturity,resulting in a significant grain yield increase of 15.03％ and 17.12％,and an economic benefit increase of 3.84％ and 4.23％,respectively.(3) Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-anthesis dry matter transloca-tion,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation,and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain,and sig-nificantly negatively correlated with the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter translocation to grain.In this research,based on nitrogen application amounts of 172 kg hm-2 (summer fallow-winter wheat) and 192 kg hm-2 (summer maize-winter wheat) during the wheat season under rain-fed conditions,the OSN treatment improved applied nitrogen dry matter productivity and increased dry matter accumulation at each growth stage.The synergistic increase in pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation allowed OSN to achieve the highest yield,making it an optimal fertilizer management practice for high-efficiency and sustainable production of rain-fed dryland winter wheat with a yield level of 5000 kg hm-2.
dryland winter wheatreduced chemical nitrogenorganic fertilizer substitutiondry matter accumulation and translocationyieldeconomic benefit
万方数据
维普
