Characteristics of pests and diseases in apple orchard intercropped with grass
To identify the dominant functional grasses in orchards in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia and evaluate their benefits,four potential green manure grasses,ryegrass(Lolium perenne),alfalfa(Medicago sativa),tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea),and long-pilose wild pea(Vicia villosa)as along with natural grass were selected to studied their effect on the growth and development of fruit trees and the occurrence of main pests and diseases,the quality of yield,and the incidence of pests and diseases under these different grass types for three years,using clear tillage as control.The study found that different grass species had varying effects on apple growth,development,pests,and diseases.Specifically:artificial sowing of villous wild pea,tall fescue,ryegrass,and natural grasses promoted fruit tree fertility and improved fruit yield quality,reduced the occurrence of aphids and leaf mites,increased the populations of ladybug beetles and lacewings;in contrast,artificial seeding of alfalfa significantly inhibited fruit tree fertility and increased the incidence of spotted leaf disease by 37.62％.Correlation analysis between fruit tree growth and occurrence of diseases/pests and natural enemy showed that the short branching rate of fruit trees was significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles(R2=0.72);single-plant yield was significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles(R2=0.64)and lacewings(R2=0.57),and significantly negatively correlated with leaf mites,aphids,and early defoliation disease(0.46＜R2＜0.77);lacewings occurrence were significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles,while ladybug beetles were significantly negatively correlated with the occurrence of leaf mites and aphids(R2＞0.62).Overall,villous wild pea seeding between orchard rows showed the strongest beneficial effects compared to other grasses.Specifically:increased short-branching rate by 15.91％;increased single fruit weight by 12.62％;increased soluble solids by 5.95％;increased soluble sugars by 10.54％;decreased titratable acid by 21.43％;decreased aphid incidence by 36.10％,and decreased leaf mite incidence by 22.46％.It is an advantageous functional grass species that can be promoted and adopted in the Ningxia irrigation area.
orchard grassapplefunctional grass speciesgrowth and developmentyield and qualitydiseases and pestsbenefit evaluation
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