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机器中的作者与创作:从摄影技术到生成式人工智能

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人工智能生成内容的可版权性和归属,本质上是如何在机器创作中寻找作者和评估人的智力活动.规范意义上,作者的活动是一种与机器相分离的人类的智力活动,创作行为是由详细的构思与受控的执行两部分组成.在机器创作中,智力活动的评估对象是体现人类构思的内在表达,而不是机器执行所生成的外在表达,独创性的判断只能基于作品产生的方式,而不是机器产品的外观.作者是构思作品并控制其执行的人.对AI创作的分析应该首先剥离机器的部分和AI的贡献,随后判断人类的角色是否符合构思与执行的要求,即内容生成的准备阶段是否存在足够详细的创作计划,内中的选择能否满足独创性的要求,以及人类对AI的执行是否具备控制力.AI生成内容的作者身份可能是AI设计者、使用者,或是没有作者,这需要在个案中,结合AI程序的特征、设计者和使用者各自的活动类型,并根据AI作品中关键的表达性元素,进行类型化分析.
The copyrightability and ownership of AI-generated content fundamentally revolve around identifying the author in machine-generated creations and evaluating human intellectual activity.In a normative sense,the author's activity is a kind of human intellectual activity separated from the machine.The normative concept of an author refers to human intellectual activity that is distinct from machines.The act of creation consists of two parts:detailed conception and controlled execution.In machine-gener-ated works,the focus of intellectual activity assessment is the internal expression of human conception,not the external expression generated by the machine's execution.Originality is judged based on the method of creation,rather than the appearance of the machine's product.The author is the person who conceives the work and controls its execution.In analyzing AI-generated works,we should first separate the machine's role and AI's contribution,and then determine whether the human role meets the require-ments of conception and execution.This involves evaluating whether there was a sufficiently detailed cre-ative plan during the preparatory stage of content generation,whether the choices made satisfy the origi-nality requirement,and whether the human had control over the AI's execution.The author of AI-gener-ated content could be the AI designer,the user,or there could be no author at all.This determination re-quires a case-by-case analysis,taking into account the characteristics of the AI program,the respective activities of the designer and user,and conducting a typological analysis of the key expressive elements in the AI-generated work.

Acts of CreationAuthorConception and ExecutionPhotographyAIGC

章凯业

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中国海洋大学法学院

创作行为 作者 构思与执行 摄影技术 生成式人工智能

2024

中外法学
北京大学

中外法学

CSTPCDCSSCICHSSCD北大核心
影响因子:3.903
ISSN:1002-4875
年,卷(期):2024.36(6)