Advances in Identification and Synthesis of Promoter Elements in Higher Plants
Promoter is an indispensable regulatory sequence for driving gene expression in higher plants.Different promoter elements cause diverse driving efficiency and space-time specificity.Identifying the structures and functions of promoter elements contributes to a better understanding of the growth and development,multi-stress tolerance,and evolution of plants.With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies,artificial intelligence and synthetic biology,the techniques for identifying cis-acting elements and constructing artificial biological components that meet the design requirements has gradually emerged,providing a foundation for efficient,precise,and diverse gene regulation in molecular breeding.This article targets on the application of promoter reconstruction in molecular design,introducing the detailed structure and function of higher plant promoters and the methods of cis-acting element identification.We sum-marized a total of 174 inducible,tissue-specific promoter elements in 27 categories and their applications on artificial modification and synthesis.At the end,we proposed the future directions and methods of the promoter designs.This review will be helpful for the further functional analyses of promoters in higher plants and their applications on molecular design breeding.
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