Advances in the Study of Secondary Symbiotic Bacteria in Spiders
Spiders,asa species of Arachnida,exhibit an extraordinary spectrum of diversity encompassing species,distribution,reproduction,lifespan,and behaviors.Within this taxonomic breadth,spiders host a rich diversity of secondary endosymbionts,including Wolbachia,Rickettsia,Cardinium,Spiroplasma,a-mong others.These endosymbionts predominantly inhabit various tissues,particularly the reproductive system,and wield significant influence over spider biology.This review delves into the mechanisms governing the horizontal and vertical transmission of these en-dosymbionts,while scrutinizing their pivotal role in regulating spider reproduction,notably altering the male-to-female offspring ratio.Furthermore,beyond reproductive dynamics,secondary endosymbionts also impact spider nutrition,dispersal capabilities,and adaptive responses to environmental challenges.Drawing upon a comprehensive examination of pertinent literature,this paper not only offers a synthesis of the current state of knowledge but also delineates future research directions vital for a holistic understanding of the intricate interplay between spiders and their secondary endosymbionts.
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