On the Positioning of Wang Fuzhi's Late Philosophy
As for the development of Wang Fuzhi's philosophy from its early to its later period,there is still no consensus in the academic circle.In view of this situation,this paper tries to sort out and confirm the change of Wang Fuzhi's philosophy.From an in-depth investigation of Wang Fuzhi's philosophical writings whose dates are determinable without doubt,we can see the evolution in Wang's key issues and concepts such as Zhou Yi principles,the theory of human nature and the notion of yin-yang.More importantly,Wang's advocation of Zhang Zai had not been really established until he wrote Chuanshan Jingyi at the age of 65.On account of this fact,this paper divides the development of Wang's philosophy into three stages,and takes 1683,the year when Chuanshan Jingyi was written,as the starting point of his late philosophy.The crucial works of Wang's late philosophy include Zhouyi Neizhuan,Zhangzi Zhengmeng Zhu and Si Wen Lu.It is worth noticing that,in his late philosophy,although Wang adopted Zhang Zai's central concepts and thoughts,he definitely based his whole thinking on the framework of Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Tushuo.The achievements of Wang's late philosophy can be summarized as follows:As for metaphysics,by integrating Zhang Zai's fundamental concepts such as Spirit(shen)and Principle(li)into Zhou Dunyi's ontology in Taiji Tushuo,Wang built up a more coherent theory of matter(qi);as for the theory of human nature,Wang returned to Mencius'position on good nature more clearly;as for the theory of self-cultivation(gongfu),Wang put forward the proposition of Cunshen Jinxing,in order to cover his earlier viewpoints such as"knowledge and action","subjects and objects",and"to complete one's nature".When it comes to the position of Wang Fuzhi's late philosophy in the whole history of Neo-Confucianism,it should be given a better description like this:Wang's late philosophy"is based on Zhou Dunyi,incorporates part of Zhang Zai,adopts notions from Cheng Hao,Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi,but rejects Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming".
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