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根本恶的三个层次——一种基于现象之原初显现的重构

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根本恶在康德哲学中是一个非常重要的话题,本文将从现象之原初显现的视角对《纯然理性界限内的宗教》一书中根本恶的三个层次提供一种不同于传统解读的全新重构.首先,在道德法则的初次光照下,道德意识刚刚觉醒的个体并不处于人性之脆弱状态,而处于被动承受着不同心理力量撕扯的(0)原初之不纯正状态.其次,当个体以不同方式回应这一被抛入其中的初始生存位置时,会主动进入(1)自行选择的不纯正、(2)人性之脆弱、(3)人心之颠倒这三种后续生存状态中的一种.最后,与传统观点不同,上述三者可以从同一起点(即原初的不纯正)直接产生,较深层次的败坏无需以较浅层次的败坏为中介.总之,通过重释、丰富和发展康德关于恶的三个层次的讨论,本文将为根本恶在个人意志中逐步建立自身统治的过程,提供一种逻辑上更全面的、更符合真实现象的论述.
The Three Grades of Radical Evil:An Interpretation from the Perspective of the Original Appearance of Phenomena
This article aims at offering,from the perspective of the original appearance of phenomena,an innovative reconstruction to Kant's account of the three grades of radical evil in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason.According to this reconstruction,whoever just became aware of the moral law does not linger in fragilitas,but finds himself trapped in original impuritas where different psycho-forces keep tossing him around.Moreover,when this individual responds to his initial existential stage by choosing a ground-maxim,he will enter one of the three derivative stages,namely,self-chosen impuritas,fragilitas,and perversitas,all of which issue from that original position straightforwardly,without a deeper grade of evil being mediated by a lesser.By reconstructing Kant's text on the three grades of radical evil,we will get a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of how the propensity to evil realizes itself step by step in an individual will.

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中国社会科学院大学哲学院,中国社会科学院哲学研究所

康德 根本恶 自由意志 脆弱 不纯正

中国社会科学院学科建设"登峰战略"资助计划

DF2023YS11

2024

哲学研究
中国社会科学院哲学所

哲学研究

CSTPCDCSSCICHSSCD北大核心
影响因子:0.478
ISSN:1000-0216
年,卷(期):2024.(9)