A Study on the Official Titles of Emperor,Empress,Other Royal Females and Palace Female Officials in Song Dynasty
Official titles are a newly developed field in the study of the institutional history of Song dynasty.The complexity and diversity of the official system of Song dynasty can be seen from the perspective of the official title system of empress,internal and external royal female,and female official in the palace.The emperor in general is not regarded as an official,actually,the emperor is an official,but sits at the top of the bureaucracy,so the emperor also has an official title,a special title indicating his supreme position."Emperor"itself is an official title,its life has a title or sacred title,after death,posthumous title,temple name.Tang and Song dynasties said that the emperor used the temple name,which is the official title.The queen has an official title,honorific title or not,depending on whether it has been behind the curtain to listen to the government,after death posthumous title has difference of two and four words.The internal official women is the general name of the emperor concubine,and its official title is divided into grades and ranks.The official titles of external women can be divided into two categories:princess official titles and doctorial wife official titles.The internal and external women ranked by emperor also refer to the title of female official in the palace.The official titles of the empress and the internal and external women as well as the female official in the palace are similar to civil and military officials,and their names are clearly graded,and the official titles become the signs of their special identities.
official titles in Song dynastythe queen of an emperorinternal and external official womenfemale official in the palace
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