Microglia in the locus coeruleus involved in modulation of isoflurane-induced consciousness shift during general anesthesia
Objective To explore the correlation between changes in locus coeruleus microglial activity and isoflurane-induced consciousness shift,as well as the underlying mechanism during general anesthesia.Methods Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into Control group(n=12)and Minocycline group(n=12).The microglial activation inhibitor minocycline/saline was microinjected bilaterally into the locus coerule-us(LC)to inhibit microglial activity.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to validate the distribution and activation of microglia in the LC in both groups.All experimental mice were implanted with electroencephalogram(EEG)recording electrodes to monitor loss of righting reflex(LORR)period,recovery of righting reflex(RORR)period,and EEG signals during 1.4％isoflurane anesthesia.Results(1)After microinjection of mi-nocycline into LC,it has been shown to inhibit microglial activation;(2)Compared to the Control group,mino-cycline microinjection prolonged the LORR time during the induction period of 1.4％isoflurane.EEG analysis showed a striking decrease in 8 power and an increase in y power,while there was no significant change in βpower in Minocycline group;(3)During the recovery period,the RORR time in Minocycline group was signifi-cantly shortened compared to Control group.EEG analysis showed a significant decrease in ratio of δ bands and an increase in ratio of β bands,while there was no significant change in γ waves in minocycline group;(4)There was no statistical difference in burst suppression rate(BSR)between Minocycline and Control group dur-ing isoflurane maintenance.Conclusion Inactivation of microglia in the LC mediated inhibition of induction and facilitation of emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in mice,which could potentially be associated with LC neuro-nal activity that was enhanced following suppression of microglial activity by minocycline during general anesthe-sia.
locus coeruleusmicrogliaisofluranegeneral anesthesiaminocycline
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