首页|Simulation Study of Photon-to-Digital Converter (PDC) Timing Specifications for LoLX Experiment

Simulation Study of Photon-to-Digital Converter (PDC) Timing Specifications for LoLX Experiment

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  • NETL
  • NSTL
  • IEEE
The Light-only Liquid Xenon (LoLX) experiment is a prototype detector aimed at studying liquid xenon (LXe) light properties and various photodetection technologies. LoLX is also aimed to quantify LXe’s time resolution as a potential scintillator for 10-ps time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). Another key goal of LoLX is to perform a time-based separation of Cerenkov and scintillation photons for new background rejection methods in LXe experiments. To achieve this separation, LoLX is set to be equipped with photon-to-digital converters (PDCs), a photosensor type that can provide a timestamp for each observed photon. To guide the PDC design, we explore the requirements and potential outcomes for time-based Cerenkov separation. We use a PDC simulator, whose input is the light information from the Geant4-based LoLX simulation model, and evaluate the separation quality against time-to-digital converter (TDC) parameters of the PDCs. Compared with the current filter-based approach, the simulations predict a few different configurations that offer a Cerenkov separation level increase from 50% to 66% when using PDCs and time-based separation. A separation of 65% is also achievable with just 16 TDCs for 14 400 micro-cells per PDC, or one TDC per 2.25 mm2. These simulation results will lead to a specification guide for the upcoming PDC design as well as expected results to compare against future PDC-based experimental measurements. In the longer term, the overall LoLX results will assist large LXe-based experiments and motivate the assembly of an LXe-based TOF-PET demonstrator system.

PhotonicsFiltersTimingSingle-photon avalanche diodesDetectorsXenonPhysicsLiquidsJitterOptical filters

Nguyen V. H. Viet、Alaa Al Masri、Masaharu Nomachi、Marc-André Tétrault、Soud Al Kharusi、Thomas Brunner、Christopher Chambers、Bindiya Chana、Austin de St. Croix、Eamon Egan、Marco Francesconi、David Gallacher、Luca Galli、Pietro Giampa、Damian Goeldi、Jessee Lefebvre、Chloe Malbrunot、Peter Margetak、Juliette Martin、Thomas McElroy、Mayur Patel、Bernadette Rebeiro、Fabrice Retière、El Mehdi Rtimi、Lisa Rudolph、Simon Viel、Liang Xie

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Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Physics Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada

Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada

INFN, Pisa, Italy

SNOLAB, Lively, ON, Canada

Physics Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada|Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France

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2025

10.1109/TNS.2025.3546965

IEEE transactions on nuclear science

IEEE transactions on nuclear science

ISSN：
年,卷(期)：2025.72(5)
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