首页|Exposure and health risks of benzene from combustion by gas stoves: A modelling approach in U.S. homes

Exposure and health risks of benzene from combustion by gas stoves: A modelling approach in U.S. homes

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  • NETL
  • NSTL
  • Elsevier
Natural gas and propane stoves emit benzene, a known carcinogen through combustion. This study evaluatespopulation-level benzene exposure and associated health risks for the 6.3 million U.S. residents exposed to thetop 5 % highest benzene-emitting gas stoves. We used the National Institute of Standards and Technology’sCONTAM, a multizone indoor air quality model, to simulate benzene concentration distributions across 24floorplans by integrating benzene emission rates with U.S. housing stock data. Health risks were assessed usingthe USEPA Health Risk Assessment methodology under scenarios of low, medium, and high stove usage withventilated (open windows or/and hoods) and non-ventilated conditions. The results show that gas stove emissionssignificantly elevate cancer risks in homes with medium to high gas stove usage and inadequate ventilation.The cumulative Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks (ILTCR) often exceeded the WHO safe threshold of 1E-06, particularly for children, whose ILTCR was 1.85 times higher (95 % CI: 1.43–2.12) than for adults in most of the high and medium gas stove usage scenarios. While cancer risks were elevated, non-cancer outcomes had hazard quotients <1 in all scenarios. Ventilation mitigated risks, with high-efficiency (≥75 %) vented hoods notably reducing benzene exposure in kitchens. The study underscores the importance of addressing combustion-related indoor air pollutants to protect public health, particularly in households with limited ventilation.

Gas stoveBenzeneCarcinogenHealth RisksGas CombustionCONTAM Model

Anchal Garg、Yannai Kashtan、Metta Nicholson、Colin J. Finnegan、Eric D. Lebel、Drew R. Michanowicz、Seth B.C. Shonkoff、Kari C. Nadeau、Robert B. Jackson

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Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States

Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States||Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States

PSE Healthy Energy, 1140 Broadway, Suite 750, Oakland, CA 94612, United States

PSE Healthy Energy, 1140 Broadway, Suite 750, Oakland, CA 94612, United States||Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States||Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States

T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University., 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States||Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford, CA 94305, United States

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2025

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137986

Journal of hazardous materials

Journal of hazardous materials

SCI
ISSN：0304-3894
年,卷(期)：2025.492(Jul.15)
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