首页|A critical review of liquid, low toxicity chemical warfare agent simulants: Enhancing accuracy, safety, and methodological approaches for sampling
A critical review of liquid, low toxicity chemical warfare agent simulants: Enhancing accuracy, safety, and methodological approaches for sampling
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NETL
NSTL
The use of simulants is a crucial aspect of studying the behaviour and effects of chemical warfare agents (CWAs)and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) without the inherent dangers associated with handling and utilising theactual hazardous substances. This review assesses the selection and application of simulants for different classesof CWAs, including nerve agents such as soman, V agents and blister agents such as sulphur and nitrogenmustards. Several simulants were examined, including diethyl malonate, malathion, methyl salicylate, and di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether, to ascertain their structural and physiochemical properties, yet presentminimal toxicity risks. A key insight from this review is the importance of aligning simulant physicochemicalproperties, such as hydrophobicity, volatility and solubility to those of CWAs. This ensures data relevancy insampling accuracy and method validation. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of utilising multiple simulantsto model complex interactions within different environmental and forensic matrices, thereby enhancing theprecision and reliability of detection and verification procedures. By concentrating on liquid-based simulants andexcluding gaseous and solid agents, this review offers a focused assessment of existing sampling methodologiesfor liquid CWAs in field conditions. It concludes by proposing a unified approach to sampling standards thatmitigates the risk with the objective of enhancing the practicality and reliability of detection methods while ensuring personnel safety. Furthermore, this review provides crucial insights for developing robust, fielddeployableCWA sampling strategies that strike a balance between accuracy, accessibility and low toxicity.
NETL
NSTL
