Abstract
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.Camels, as resilient livestock uniquely adapted to arid and semi-arid regions, represent a valuable yet underutilized resource for sustainable bioeconomy initiatives. This review highlights the multifaceted valorization of camel-derived bioproducts and wastes across diverse sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioenergy. Camel milk, rich in proteins, vitamins, and bioactive peptides, offers well-documented nutritional and therapeutic benefits, while camel meat and hump fat—abundant in essential fatty acids—hold promise for functional food and oleochemical applications. Camel skin and hair, high in keratin content, present opportunities for developing biodegradable materials and cosmetic formulations. In biomedical contexts, camel urine exhibits antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities, whereas camel blood can be transformed into nanocomposites for advanced therapeutic applications. Furthermore, camel dung serves as a high-potential feedstock for bioenergy through anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, producing biogas, bio-oil, and biochar for environmental and agricultural uses. Collectively, these camel-based resources support the development of a circular bioeconomy by promoting waste valorization, renewable energy production, and sustainable product innovation in regions facing climatic and ecological challenges.
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Springer Nature