High-valent or equivalent foreign element doping could improve the charge separation of the hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) for enhancing the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, the induced extra surface states would anodically shift the onset potential. This work reported a two-step hydrothermal method to prepare the low-valent Li doped alpha-Fe2O3 that alleviated the charge recombination and partially removed the surface states. Thus, the photocurrent density of optimized Li-doped alpha-Fe(2)O(3)was 0.75 mA/cm(2) (1.23 VRHE), up to 3.6 times higher than that of pristine alpha-Fe2O3 (0.21 mA/cm(2)). Meanwhile, the onset potential also shifted negatively to 0.68 VRHE by 100 mV. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) revealed the Li atoms occupied the interstitial sites of the oxygen octahedron, and the introduced halffilled states in the bandgap can expand the light absorbance and improve the charge transport. The synergetic effects of enhanced charge separation efficiency and removal of surface states contributed to efficient PEC water oxidation. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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