首页|From the Third Sphere of Minimalist Governance to the Third Sphere of Party-People Co-participation
From the Third Sphere of Minimalist Governance to the Third Sphere of Party-People Co-participation
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NSTL
At the most basic level of governance, China had long relied on a state-society interactive “third sphere” approach, leaving considerable space for societal self-governance, lightening thereby the oppressiveness of bureaucratic government. This article delineates once more the modes and operative mechanisms of that third-sphere mode of governance. After China entered its revolutionary and contemporary periods, that system was transformed by the rise of Communist Party organization into a new third sphere model with a close relationship between party leadership and popular participation. It turned out to be one that released immense energies, as evidenced in the revolutionary movement and the “people’s war” that ended in victories first over Japanese occupation, then in the civil war against the Guomindang, and further in fighting to a standstill the even stronger U.S. led forces in the Korean War. That party and people combination evinced great energies also in the early-stage cooperatives based on the natural villages (and the return back to that mode of organization by 1963 after the errors of the Great Leap Forward), and again in the Reform era when the party-state yielded individual decision-making powers in the newly marketized economy to peasant households through the “responsibility land system. To be sure, there were also multiple errors of excessive bureaucratic control along the way. Nevertheless, even today, a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship between the party and the people can still be a good path for basic-level governance, one that could counter the excesses of “bureaucratism” and its “iron cage” effects, to enter into a kind of (popular) participatory socialist market economy, distinguished from a controlling bureaucratic socialist planned economy.
third sphere vs. bureaucratismpeople’s war and the “party-army”the iron cage of bureaucratismsmall peasant autonomy and cooperativizationthe blind spots of classical theories第三领域 VS. 官僚主义人民战争和“政党军队”科层化的“铁笼”小农自主和合作化经典理论的盲点
Philip C. C. Huang (黄宗智)
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Institute for Advanced Historical and Social Research (历史与社会高等研究所)
NSTL
