首页|Neutralization of the toxic effects of a fungicide difenoconazole against soil organisms by a difenoconazole-degrading bacterium
Neutralization of the toxic effects of a fungicide difenoconazole against soil organisms by a difenoconazole-degrading bacterium
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NSTL
Elsevier
? 2022In the present study the chemical structure of the non-toxic metabolite of a fungicide difenoconazole produced by a difenoconazole-degrading bacterium, Sphingomonas histidinilytica C8–2, was identified and it was found that strain C8–2 detoxifies difenoconazole by segregating the chlorobenzene group and attaching a hydroxyl group to the cleavage site. And then it was investigated whether strain C8–2 can restore earthworm reproduction and microbial community structure disturbed by the fungicide. Difenoconazole (4 mg kg?1 soil) did not affect the number or bodyweight of adult earthworms in soil, but it reduced the average number of newly hatched juveniles (by 71.9%) and cocoons (by 30.0%) when compared to uncontaminated soils. Difenoconazole (20 mg kg?1 soil) did not affect bacterial and archaeal activities in soil after 27 days of incubation, but reduced fungal activity to 4% of uncontaminated soil. It also reduced the relative activities of the bacterial genus Arthrobacter (8.2% to 6.7%) and the fungal genus Humicola (32.4% to 0.0%). The application of strain C8–2 to difenoconazole-contaminated soil prevented the decline in the reproductivity of earthworms, fungal activity, and the relative activities of Arthrobacter and Humicola, by degrading the fungicide. These results showed that the metabolite of difenoconazole produced by strain C8–2 had no toxic effects on these important soil organisms, suggesting that the presence or intentional application of pesticide-detoxifying microorganisms can restore soil ecosystems disturbed by pesticides.
NSTL
Elsevier
