首页|Recent advances in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and its degraded products to levulinic acid: A synergy of Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid

Recent advances in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and its degraded products to levulinic acid: A synergy of Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid

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  • NSTL
  • Elsevier
Levulinic acid (LA) imparts carboxylic acid and ketone bifunctionality, serving as a highly versatile platform chemical for the production of various value-added products. The sustainable production of LA through the biorefinery route especially from the lignocellulosic biomass feedstock is particularly attractive in view of its lower cost and environmentally benign process. However, a large scale of biomass conversion faces several bottlenecks typically due to the recalcitrance of raw material, low selectivity of catalyst and limitation of mass transferring. Bifunctional catalysts emerging from the synergistic coupling of Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid have significantly improved the cellulose conversion to LA in tandem reactions, which may even be accomplished in a one-pot conversion which is otherwise difficult to achieve. The variability arises from the complementary functional sites allowing ample opportunity for tuning in favor of the needs, shedding light in breaking through the bottlenecks. This paper reviews the current-state-of-art and development of various bifunctional catalysts including mineral acid-based, heteropolyacid-based, ionic liquid-based, carbon-based and silica-based catalysts, with respect to their synergistic effects on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and its degraded products to LA. The pertinent factors such as the catalyst acidity, surface area and porosity as well as reaction conditions are discussed alongside. Lastly, the methods of analyzing synergistic effects via synergy factor, frontier orbital theory , thermodynamic study are outlined to provide a tentative directive framework of bifunctional catalysts.

Bifunctional catalystLevulinic acidLignocellulosic biomassSynergistic effectHIGH-YIELD PRODUCTIONEFFICIENT CONVERSIONCATALYTIC CONVERSIONGLUCOSE CONVERSIONHYDROTHERMAL CONVERSIONIONIC LIQUIDHYDROCHLORIC-ACIDCELLULOSEOPTIMIZATIONHYDROLYSIS

Azlan, Nadiah Syafiqah Mohd、Yap, Chiew Lin、Gan, Suyin、Rahman, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul

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Univ Nottingham Malaysia

Univ Putra Malaysia

2022

10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114778

Industrial Crops and Products

Industrial Crops and Products

EISCI
ISSN：0926-6690
年,卷(期)：2022.181
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