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    Effects of social participation and physical activity on all-cause mortality among older adults in Norfolk, England: an investigation of the EPIC-Norfolk study

    Fain R.S.Hayat S.A.Luben R.Abdul Pari A.A....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: There is growing evidence of an association between social participation and improved physical and mental health among older individuals. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between self-reported participation in groups, clubs, or organizations and all-cause mortality among older adults and examine the role of physical activity as a potential modifier of the health effects of social participation. Study design: EPIC-Norfolk is a prospective cohort study that recruited 25,639 individuals between the ages of 40 and 79 in Norfolk County, England. This study involved a retrospective analysis of 8623 participants who had returned for the third health check between 2004 and 2011. Methods: Participants were categorized into those who reported participating socially and those who did not and were stratified by involvement in 0, 1, or 2 or more groups. Cox Proportional Hazards models were constructed to compare all-cause mortality between the groups. Stratum-specific hazard ratios were calculated by physical activity level to assess for effect modification. Results: Of the participants, 861 (9.98%) died during the follow-up period. After adjustment for confounding, social participation was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73–0.97). Involvement in 2 or more groups was associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70–0.97), but the association was not statistically significant for people involved in only 1 group (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73–1.03). Physical activity appeared to modify the effect of social participation on mortality. Conclusions: This study's findings provide evidence of an association between social participation and lower all-cause mortality for older adults. They also suggest that the effect of social participation on health is greater for people who are more physically active. Population-level interventions to facilitate social participation may contribute to improving health and wellbeing among older individuals.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Corrigendum to ‘Risk perception and resource scarcity in food procurement during the early outbreak of COVID-19’ [Public Health 195 (2021) 152–157] (Public Health (2021) 195 (152–157), (S0033350621001669), (10.1016/j.puhe.2021.04.020))

    Wang Y.Chen X.Yang Y.Cui Y....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The authors regret the following errors in the originally published version: 1. In Table 1, for the ‘food security status’, the ‘Secure - secure’ category should be ‘391, 16.37%.’ Here is the updated Table 1: [Table presented] 2. In Line 148, it is currently written as ‘Table 3 reveals the relationships among the behavioral changes: the increase in in-store safety perception …’ It should be ‘Line 148: Table 3 reveals the relationships among the behavioural changes: the decrease in in-store safety perception …’ Here is the updated paragraph: Table 3 reveals the relationships among the behavioural changes: the decrease in in-store safety perception was associated with both the decrease in shopping frequency (β = .18, P < .01) and the increase in food expenditure (β = ?7.00, P < .01). Also, people's food security status during the pandemic further impacted the relationship between shopping frequency and food expenditure, as shown by the interaction term (β = ?22.68, P < .01). This result indicates that the mediation effects on food procurement differ among people in different food security statuses. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Redefining avoidable and inappropriate admissions

    Clubbs Coldron B.MacRury S.Coates V.Khamis A....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Objectives: Focusing on policy discourse in the United Kingdom, we examine the chain of causation that is characteristic of the ways in which the concepts of avoidability and inappropriateness are defined and used in these contexts. With a particular focus on diabetes complications, we aim to elucidate the way in which avoidable admission to hospital is conceptualised, measured, and applied to policy development and implementation and build a more inclusive model of identification as a basis for further research in this area. Study design: Discourse analysis was used in combination with a scoping review. Methods: We searched the online databases of the UK Houses of Parliament Hansard, Official reports of the Northern Ireland Assembly and transcripts of the Scottish Parliament in October 2021. We also conducted an electronic search in October 2021 on MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library to review the available literature. In addition, an analysis of policies in place in Scotland, England and Northern Ireland relating to urgent diabetes care was conducted. Results: ‘Avoidable’ and ‘inappropriate’ hospital admissions are categories used in health policy and practice internationally as ways of identifying targets for interventions intending to reduce the burden of care. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that is often seen as a costly and avoidable use of health care services and so is a frequent target of such policies. Avoidable admission is interpreted as having a very long chain of causation. The assumption is that people requiring unscheduled hospital admission could have taken steps to prevent the onset of diabetes, or associated complications, arising in the first place. Definitions focus on primary and secondary prevention and largely place responsibility on the individual and their behaviour rather than on structural or social factors. Inadequate or inappropriate care prehospital or in the emergency department is seldom considered as a potential cause of avoidable admissions. Procedural definitions of avoidable admission are proposed whereby health care professionals and people living with diabetes collaborate to identify avoidable admissions in clinical audit rather than using statistical rates of avoidable admission within isolation in policy development and implementation. Conclusions: Avoidability and inappropriateness are characteristics of cases in which conduct of the individual or attendant health care professionals was a proximate cause of hospital admission, and but for such conduct, admission could have been avoided. This process of definition seeks to provide a basis for contextualised and considered evaluation of where there are problems in care and where there are reasonable opportunities for prevention.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Corrigendum to ‘Impact of COVID-19 on birth rate trends in the Italian Metropolitan Cities of Milan, Genoa and Turin’ [Public Health 198 (2021) 35–36] (Public Health (2021) 198 (35–36), (S0033350621002626), (10.1016/j.puhe.2021.06.026))

    Mantica G.Terrone C.De Rose A.F.Ambrosini F....
    2页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthThe authors regret that an error was made in the data collection regarding the number of births in the city of Milan from November 2019 to January 2020. The original published paper reported this as 4187 births, but the correct figure is 2656 births. Thus the following corrections are necessary: Correction 1, abstract, results: The sentence: Birth rates in the cities of Milan, Genoa and Turin decreased by 55%, 12%, and 33%, respectively. Should read: Birth rates in the cities of Milan, Genoa, and Turin decreased by 12.4%, 12%, and 33%, respectively. Correction 2, main text: The passage: From November 2019 to January 2020, 1579 births were registered in the City of Turin, while, during the same period of the following year, 1043 were recorded; thus, 536 fewer births (33% decline). Similarly, in the City of Milan, 4187 and 2325 births were recorded from November 2019 to January 2020 and during the same quarter of 2020–2021, respectively (55% % reduction). Should read: From November 2019 to January 2020, 1579 births were registered in the City of Turin, while, during the same period of the following year, 1043 were recorded; thus, 536 fewer births (33% decline). Similarly, in the City of Milan, 2656 and 2325 births were recorded from November 2019 to January 2020 and during the same quarter of 2020–2021, respectively (12.4% reduction). Correction 3, figure 1: A corrected Fig. 1 follows [Figure presented] The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impact of COVID-19 public health safety measures on births in Scotland between March and May 2020

    Speyer L.G.Marryat L.Auyeung B.
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjective: To combat the widespread transmission of COVID-19, many countries, including the United Kingdom, have imposed nationwide lockdowns. Little is known about how these public health safety measures affect pregnant mothers and their offspring. This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 public health safety measures on births in Scotland. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Using routinely collected health data on pregnancy and birth in Scotland, this study compares all births (N = 7342) between 24th March and May 2020 with births in the same period in 2018 (N = 8323) to investigate the potential negative impact of public health safety measures introduced in Scotland in spring 2020. Birth outcomes were compared using Mann-Whitney-U tests and chi-square tests. Results: Mothers giving birth during the pandemic tended to combine breastfeeding and formula-feeding rather than exclusively breastfeed or exclusively formula-feed, stayed in hospital for fewer days, and more often had an epidural or a spinal anaesthetic compared to women giving birth in 2018. Conclusion: Overall, results suggest little impact of public health safety measures on birth outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the longer-term impacts of being born in the pandemic on both maternal mental health and child development.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    COVID-19 incidence in border regions: spatiotemporal patterns and border control measures

    Chilla T.Grosse T.Hippe S.Walker B.B....
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Author(s)Objectives: Among the few studies examining patterns of COVID-19 spread in border regions, findings are highly varied and partially contradictory. This study presents empirical results on the spatial and temporal dynamics of incidence in 10 European border regions. We identify geographical differences in incidence between border regions and inland regions, and we provide a heuristic to characterise spillover effects. Study design: Observational spatiotemporal analysis. Methods: Using 14-day incidence rates (04/2020 to 25/2021) for border regions around Germany, we delineate three pandemic ‘waves’ by the dates with the lowest recorded rates between peak incidence. We mapped COVID-19 incidence data at the finest spatial scale available and compared border regions’ incidence rates and trends to their nationwide values. The observed spatial and temporal patterns are then compared to the time and duration of border controls in the study area. Results: We observed both symmetry and asymmetry of incidence rates within border pairs, varying by country. Several asymmetrical border pairs feature temporal convergence, which is a plausible indicator for spillover dynamics. We thus derived a border incidence typology to characterise (1) symmetric border pairs, (2) asymmetric border pairs without spillover effects, and (3) asymmetric with spillover effects. In all groups, border control measures were enacted but appear to have been effective only in certain cases. Conclusions: The heuristic of border pairs provides a useful typology for highlighting combinations of spillover effects and border controls. We conclude that border control measures may only be effective if the timing and the combination with other non-pharmaceutical measures is appropriate.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Clinical features, risk factors and a prediction model for in-hospital mortality among diabetic patients infected with COVID-19: data from a referral centre in Iran

    Kabootari M.Habibi Tirtashi R.Hasheminia M.Bozorgmanesh M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of in-hospital mortality among diabetic patients infected with COVID-19. Study design: This is a retrospective cohort study. Methods: Using logistic regression analysis, the independent association of potential prognostic factors and COVID-19 in-hospital mortality was investigated in three models. Model 1 included demographic data and patient history; model 2 consisted of model 1, plus vital signs and pulse oximetry measurements at hospital admission; and model 3 included model 2, plus laboratory test results at hospital admission. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported for each predictor in the different models. Moreover, to examine the discriminatory powers of the models, a corrected area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated. Results: Among 560 patients with diabetes (men = 291) who were hospitalised for COVID-19, the mean age of the study population was 61.8 (standard deviation [SD] 13.4) years. During a median length of hospitalisation of 6 days, 165 deaths (men = 93) were recorded. In model 1, age and a history of cognitive impairment were associated with higher mortality; however, taking statins, oral antidiabetic drugs and beta-blockers was associated with a lower risk of mortality (AUC = 0.76). In model 2, adding the data for respiratory rate (OR 1.07 [95% CI 1.00–1.14]) and oxygen saturation (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.92–0.98]) slightly increased the AUC to 0.80. In model 3, the data for platelet count (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.99–1.00]), lactate dehydrogenase (OR 1.002 [95% CI 1.001–1.003]), potassium (OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.33–3.08]) and fasting plasma glucose (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.02–1.07]) significantly improved the discriminatory power of the model to AUC 0.86 (95% CI 0.83–0.90). Conclusions: Among patients with type 2 diabetes, a combination of past medical and drug history and pulse oximetry data, with four non-expensive laboratory measures, was significantly associated with in-hospital COVID-19 mortality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    COVID-19 and tobacco cessation: lessons from India

    Prabhakaran D.Bauld L.Srinath Reddy K.Arora M....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsObjectives: The Government of India prohibited the sale of tobacco products during the COVID-19 lockdown to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study assessed the tobacco cessation behaviour and its predictors among adult tobacco users during the initial COVID-19 lockdown period in India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 801 adult tobacco users (both smoking and smokeless tobacco) in two urban metropolitan cities of India over a 2-month period (July to August 2020). The study assessed complete tobacco cessation and quit attempts during the lockdown period. Logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to study the correlates of tobacco cessation and quit attempts, respectively. Results: In total, 90 (11.3%) tobacco users reported that they had quit using tobacco after the COVID-19 lockdown period. Overall, a median of two quit attempts (interquartile range 0–6) was made by tobacco users. Participants with good knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco use and COVID-19 were significantly more likely to quit tobacco use (odds ratio [OR] 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–4.0) and reported more quit attempts (incidence risk ratio 5.7; 95% CI 2.8–11.8) compared to those with poor knowledge. Participants who had access to tobacco products were less likely to quit tobacco use compared to those who had no access (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2–0.5]. Conclusions: Access restrictions and correct knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco use and COVID-19 can play an important role in creating a conducive environment for tobacco cessation among users.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Validation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) in the Tunisian dialect

    Cheffi N.Chakroun-Walha O.Sellami R.Ouali R....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is one of the most frequently used depression assessment scales. In Tunisia, psychiatrists commonly use this scale in a Tunisian dialect. However, to the best of our knowledge, this scale has never been validated in Tunisia. This study aims to investigate the reliability and the validity of the HDRS among Tunisian patients who have been hospitalised for a suicide attempt. A secondary objective is to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Study design: This is a cross-sectional study performed in the emergency department. Methods: Patients who were hospitalised for a suicide attempt were eligible for inclusion in this study. The Tunisian version of the HDRS was developed using a forward-backward translation procedure. Psychometric properties of the Tunisian version of the HDRS were tested, including (i) construct validity with a confirmatory one-factor analysis; (ii) internal validity with Pearson correlations and Cronbach alpha coefficients; and (iii) external validity by correlations with the Patient Health Quality-9 (PHQ-9) scale. We used the Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to analyse the correlation between the total HDRS score and the presence of depression according to the PHQ-9. Results: In total, 101 participants were enrolled in this study. The principal component analysis (PCA) type factor analysis with varimax rotation found a high–grade correlation between HDRS individual items and the total score. The total variance, explained by five factors, was 64.4%. Cronbach's standardised alpha coefficient was 0.86 for the overall scale. Correlations between the total HDRS score and the PHQ-9 score, and its various items, were significant. The ROC curve analysis showed good sensitivity (80.8%) and specificity (91.1%). Conclusion: The Tunisian version of the HDRS is an acceptable instrument to screen depression in individuals who have attempted suicide.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Reactions to geographic data visualization of infectious disease outbreaks: an experiment on the effectiveness of data presentation format and past occurrence information

    Zhang J.Wang Y.Wanta W.Zheng Q....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Author(s)Objectives: This study intended to compare the effectiveness of thematic maps with that of tabular data in comprehension and memory of risk magnitudes, with Zika virus (ZIKV) disease outbreaks in the United States as the subject matter. The study also aimed to examine the effects of data presentation format and past occurrence information on risk perception and risk avoidance intention. Study design: This study used an experiment. Methods: Each participant was randomly assigned to view ZIKV disease 2017 incidence data presented in one of the three formats: a choropleth map, a graduated-circle map, and a table, after which they answered questions about comprehension and memory of risk magnitudes. Each participant was then randomly assigned to view or not to view incidence data of the previous occurrence of ZIKV outbreaks in 2016, after which they answered questions about risk perception and risk avoidance intention. Results: The results revealed the effectiveness of thematic maps over tabular data in comprehension, risk perception, and risk avoidance intention. Compared to tabular data, the choropleth map led to a better comprehension of relative risk magnitudes, the graduated-circle map led to higher risk perception, and both thematic maps led to greater risk avoidance intention. In contrast, tabular data led to better recognition of absolute risk magnitudes than both thematic maps. In addition, past occurrence information enhanced risk perception and risk avoidance intention. Conclusions: The findings reveal the importance of data presentation format in comprehension and memory of risk magnitudes. This can be attributed to the cognitive match between the information emphasized in the presentation and that required by the tasks. The findings also suggest that data presentation format and past occurrence information are important judgmental heuristics that help to form risk perception and risk avoidance intention.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier