查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between parent-child attachment and depression in migrant children (MC), left-behind children (LBC) and non-left-behind children (NLBC) in China. Study design: This was a cross-sectional study. Methods: In total, 4294 children (4th to 9th grade) participated in this study, including 677 MC, 1411 LBC and 2206 NLBC from 17 different schools. Results: The results showed that (1) the prevalence of depression among MC (21.0%) and LBC (14.0%) was significantly higher than that among NLBC (10.8%); (2) the quality of parent-child attachment among MC was statistically significantly lower than among LBC and NLBC (the proportion of children whose father -child and mother-child attachments were both insecure was 55.4% among MC, 29.9% among LBC and 33.7% among NLBC); and (3) depression was affected by the interaction between the group of children and parent-child attachment; compared with NLBC whose parent-child attachments were both secure, the odds ratio of depression among MC whose parent-child attachments were both insecure was 7.39, which was significantly higher than LBC (5.34) and NLBC (4.86) whose parent-child attachments were both insecure. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression among MC and LBC was significantly higher than that among NLBC in China. The quality of parent-child attachment among MC was statistically significantly lower than that of LBC and NLBC. Secure attachment could reduce the risk of depression and insecure parent -child attachment increased the risk of depression. Depression was affected by the interaction between the group of children and parent-child attachment; migration was a significant risk factor associated with child depression. (c) 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with the risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in children (aged <10 years) and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) before (March 2020-April 2021) and during (May-July 2021) the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant emergence. Study design: A retrospective and nationwide cohort study was conducted in Mexico. Methods: Data from 26,961 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the association of the evaluated exposures with the risk of COVID-19 pneumonia. Results: The overall incidence rate of pneumonia was 23.0 per 10,000 person-days, and it was lower during the Delta variant emergence (30.3 vs. 9.4 person-days, p < 0.001). In multiple analysis, a decreased risk of pneumonia was observed among those cases occurring in May 2021 or later (vs. March 2020-April 2021, RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99) and among older patients (RRper year = 0.998, 95% CI 0.996 -0.998). Other comorbidities (namely, obesity, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, or malignant tumors) were associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 manifestations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that during the Delta variant emergence, children and adolescent patients were at reduced risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in Mexico. Further research is needed to identify factors determining the observed scenario. (c) 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: This study aimed to examine the changes in depression and anxiety symptoms among Brazilian adults over 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design/Methods: The present study used data from wave 1 (June/July 2020) and wave 2 (December 2020/January 2021) of the Prospective Study About Mental and Physical Health (PAMPA) Cohort, a statelevel, ambispective longitudinal study with adults from southern Brazil. The frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Anxiety and depressive symptoms before social distancing were retrospectively assessed during wave 1. Results: Most of the 674 participants were classified as non-symptomatic for depressive (85.0%) and anxiety symptoms (73.2%) before the COVID-19 pandemic. At wave 1, there were increases in symptoms of depression (7.6% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.2%, 8.1%]) and anxiety (9.1% [95% CI: 8.6%, 9.5%]). These decreased at wave 2 (depression: 6.9% [95% CI: 6.5%, 7.2%]; anxiety: 7.4% [95% CI: 7.1%, 7.8%]) although they were still elevated compared with pre-COVID (depression: 4.5% [95% CI: 4.2%, 4.8%]; anxiety: 5.8% [95% CI: 5.5%, 6.1%]). Adults living alone (b = 0.44 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.82]) had a faster trajectory in anxiety symptoms than their counterparts. Cohort members who were living alone (b = 0.24 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.42]) and with diagnosed chronic disease (0.32 [95% CI: 0.18, 0.46]) had a faster increase in depressive symptoms than their respective counterparts. Participants aged >60 years showed a slower trajectory of depressive (b = -0.46 [95% CI: -0.73, -0.18]) and anxiety (b = -0.61 [95% CI: -1.20, -0.02) symptoms. Conclusions: During 10 months of COVID-19, anxiety and depression symptoms improved but were still higher than before COVID-19. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: Prisons are high-risk settings for infectious disease outbreaks because of their highly dynamic and crowded nature. During late 2020, prisons in England observed a surge in COVID-19 infection. This study describes the emergence of the Alpha variant in prisons during this period. Methods: Alpha and non-Alpha variant COVID-19 cases were identified in prisoners in England using address-matched laboratory notifications and genomic information from COG-UK. Results: Of 14,094 COVID-19-positive prisoner cases between 1 October 2020 and 28 March 2021, 11.5% (n = 1621) had sequencing results. Of these, 1082 (66.7%) were identified as the Alpha variant. Twentynine (2.7%) Alpha cases required hospitalisation compared with only five (1.0%; P = 0.02) non-Alpha cases. A total of 14 outbreaks were identified with the median attack rate higher for Alpha (17.9%, interquartile range [IQR] 3.2%-32.2%; P = 0.11) than non-Alpha outbreaks (3.5%, IQR 2.0%-10.2%). Conclusion: Higher attack rates and increased likelihood of hospitalisations were observed for Alpha cases compared with non-Alpha. This suggests a key contribution to the rise in cases, hospitalisations and outbreaks in prisons in the second wave. With prisons prone to COVID-19 outbreaks and the potential to act as reservoirs for variants of concern, sequencing of prison-associated cases alongside whole-institution vaccination should be prioritised. Crown Copyright (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. All rights reserved.
Kephart, L.Rastogi, R.Song, G.Ursprung, W. W. S....
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: In 2019, an outbreak of e-cigarette/vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) across the United States was responsible for acute harm, hospitalizations, and mortality among individuals using vape products, including youth and young adults. The objective of this study is to describe and evaluate the public health surveillance and emergency response activities that occurred in Massachusetts during the 2019 EVALI outbreak. Study design: Descriptive process and policy evaluation. Methods: Between September and December 2019, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health temporarily removed access to e-cigarettes in stores, conducted tobacco retailer educational activities, and promoted tobacco cessation communications. The public health response was monitored through online adult panel surveys, in-school youth surveys, retailer compliance checks, and existing tobacco control program surveillance. Results: Massachusetts residents indicated high awareness of the EVALI outbreak and the corresponding public health response. Tobacco retailers were compliant with the temporary state prohibition on the sale of e-cigarettes. In response to reduced access to vaping products in stores, both adult and youth survey respondents reported reduced use, increased quit attempts, or complete e-cigarette cessation. Conclusion: Emergency action undertaken by state public health programs and other governmental agencies corresponded with reduced availability of e-cigarettes and an increase in self-reported quit behaviors. Existing public health infrastructure at the state and local levels in Massachusetts facilitated an environment in which emergency and permanent protective measures could be implemented. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.
Smith, L. E.Potts, H. W. W.Amlot, R.Fear, N. T....
7页
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: To test whether public knowledge and confidence in one's understanding of the local restrictions, motivation to adhere to local restrictions, and self-reported behaviour (going out for exercise, to work, socially) differed according to tier level. Study design: Cross-sectional, nationally representative, online survey of 1728 participants living in England (data collection: 26 to 28 October 2020). Methods: We conducted logistic regression analyses to investigate whether knowledge of restrictions, confidence in knowledge of restrictions, motivation to adhere to restrictions, and self-reported behaviour were associated with personal characteristics and tier. Results: Between 81% (tier 2) and 89% (tier 3) of participants correctly identified which tier they lived in. Knowledge of specific restrictions was variable. 73% were confident that they understood which tier was in place in their local area, whereas 71% were confident they understood the guidance in their local area. Confidence was associated with being older and living in a less deprived area. 73% were motivated to adhere to restrictions in their local area. Motivation was associated with being female and older. People living in tiers with greater restrictions were less likely to report going out to meet people from another household socially; reported rates of going out for exercise and for work did not differ. Conclusions: Although recognition of local tier level was high, knowledge of specific guidance for tiers was variable. There was some indication that nuanced guidance (e.g. behaviour allowed in some settings but not others) was more poorly understood than guidance which was absolute (i.e. behaviour is either allowed or not allowed). (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is associated with increased infectivity. Data on breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infections in vaccinated individuals and transmission risk are limited. The aim of this study was to provide estimates of transmission risk in Delta variant breakthrough infections. Study design: A matched case-control study was performed. Methods: To analyse onward transmission of fully vaccinated individuals infected with B.1.617.2, we compared 85 patients (vaccination group [VG]) with an age-and sex-matched unvaccinated control group (CG; n = 85). Results: Transmission of B.1.617.2 was significantly reduced (halved) in the VG. The number of infected contacts to total number of contacts per infected person was 0.26 +/- 0.40 in the VG vs 0.56 +/- 0.45 in the CG (P = .001). Similarly, fully vaccinated contacts were less likely to be infected by fully vaccinated infected persons (IPs) than by unvaccinated IPs (20.0% vs 37.5%), although this association was not significant. Conclusions: Fully vaccinated contacts had 50% less transmissions than unvaccinated individuals. These findings must be verified in larger sample populations, and it is especially important to investigate the role of vaccination status of close contacts. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Objective: The objective of this analysis was to explore the determinants of incomplete immunization in children aged 12-23 months. Study design: A secondary analysis was conducted on cross-sectional survey data from Pakistan Demographic and Health survey 2017-2018. Methods: The present study was confined to children aged 12-23 months at the time of survey giving a sample size of 2048. Complete immunization was described as having received a dose of BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin), four doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV0, OPV1, OPV2, and OPV3), three doses of pentavalent and pneumococcal vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the association between outcome and predictor variables. Results: The findings showed that the likelihood of being incompletely immunized was higher for the children of Baluchistan (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.18-9.71), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (aOR = 6.2; 95% CI = 3.97-9.71), Sindh (aOR = 3.24; 95% CI = 2.33 -4.49), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (aOR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.54-2.97), Islamabad (aOR = 3.656; 95% CI = 2.34 -5.69), and Gilgit Baltistan (aOR = 2.320; 95% CI = 1.50-3.57) relative to those of Punjabi children. Lower odds of partial vaccination were seen among the children of educated mothers (primary or higher) and those who were born at a health facility. Conclusion: Improving maternal literacy rate, providing easy access to health facilities, and minimizing regional disparities can improve the immunization status of children in Pakistan. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
White, Philippa FrancesBoland, MairinO'Sullivan, Margaret BernadetteBambury, Niamh...
5页
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: There is limited evidence on the risk of in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study estimated the extent of in-flight SARS-CoV-2 transmission on international flights arriving in Ireland during December 2020. Study design: This was a cross-sectional analysis. Methods: National surveillance data identified all notified cases of COVID-19 who were infectious while travelling on international flights to Ireland during December 2020. Close contacts of cases were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and the results were collated to estimate the pooled secondary attack rate across all flights. Laboratory and epidemiological data were obtained from the Health Service Executive Covid Care Tracker, a national database of COVID-19 cases in Ireland. Results: A total of 165 infectious cases of COVID-19 were identified on 134 incoming flights; 40.0% were symptomatic on board. There were 2099 flight close contacts identified, of whom 40.9% had results of a SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test within 14 days of arrival. The pooled secondary attack rate for these contacts was 7.0% and was higher among those on flights of >= 5-hour duration (P = 0.008). More than half (59.1%) of close contacts had no SARS-CoV-2 test result recorded; the reasons included incorrect or absent contact details (26.5%) and no response when contacted (17.8%). Conclusions: In this national study investigating transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from international flights arriving into Ireland, the pooled secondary attack rate was 7.0%. International travel is likely to have contributed to the third wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ireland in early 2021. Application of non-pharmaceutical interventions remains central to mitigating the risk of in-flight transmission. (C) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
NSTL
Elsevier