查看更多>>摘要：Although personality is thought to be 50% heritable， consensus has not been reached about the specific genes involved， interest in genes affecting personality and behavior continues because of the linkage of personality traits with both physical and mental illness。 One hundred and twenty years of study of the ABO blood types and the genes causing them has led to more precise assignment of genotype-phenotype linkage。 Countries like Japan and Korea with 100 years history of study of ABO blood groups and personality as well as other countries have published research with no consensus。 Introversion is a well-studied personality trait with 50% genetic causation。 Dopamine system has been linked to the introversion-extroversion spectrum with high dopamine linked to introversion。 Dopamine beta hydroxylase determines the ratio of dopamine to norepinephrine。 Dopamine beta hydroxylase gene， DBH， is in linkage disequilibrium with ABO gene thus offering insight into the ABO findings related to personality traits。 ABO blood groups have been studied with some but not all studies finding type AB associated with introversion。 One explanation for the inconsistent replication of findings could be that genotypes would show more differences than phenotypes。 ABO A allele， ABO B allele or the synergism of both alleles could be the driver of introversion trait in ABO AB。 Patients in an obstetric gynecology practice appeared to demonstrate a tendancy to introversion in phenotype ABO B。 Since we had access to ABO blood phenotypes instead of genotypes of our obstetric gynecology office patients， we hypothesized that phenotype ABO AB when compared with ABO O would be associated with higher introversion since these phenotypes were also genotypes and since ABO O unlike ABO AB is not found associated with introversion in extant research。 Though ABO B allele was observed to be the likely cause of introversion in patients and since we had available only phenotypes of ABO to use in search of genetic allele that causes introversion trait， ABO AB needs to be dissected to see whether ABO A allele or ABO B allele is the driver of the introspective trait。 Based on the literature and on observation， the hypothesis was that ABO B is the driver of introversion trait。 A pilot student of 225 obstetric gynecology patients using the online NPA personality test showed higher scores for introversion tendancies in ABO AB compared to ABO O and when ABO AB was compared to ABO A。 This supports ABO B as the driver of introversion tendancies in the ABO gene。 Studies using ABO genotypes instead of ABO phenotypes should provide further support for this hypothesis。 Given the support for introversion tendancies in personality caused by higher dopamine genetically with dopamine beta hydroxylase low activity and this dopamine state being common mechanism for such conditions as schizophrenia and autism， continued discoveries of genes that impact this state will lead to many health implications。
查看更多>>摘要：Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a common congenital anomaly of the eye， representing the remnants of tunica vasculosa lentis。 It is often detected as an incidental finding upon examination。 The presentation may vary from being an insignificant strand of iris to a hyperplastic dense membrane， with or without adhesions to the surrounding structures， which notably obscures the visual axis。 When present as an isolated pathology， these patients are often asymptomatic。 However， some patients with isolated PPM do present with poor visual acuity or subnormal quality of vision。 The severity of their disability does not always correlate to the extent of the anomaly present in the eye。 The rationale as to why only some patients with significant PPM experience this visual handicap while others don?t is one of the baffling conundrums in ophthalmology at present。 Hence， we attempt to elaborate on the possible mechanisms that explain the unpredictable and variable clinical manifestation of persistent pupillary membranes。
查看更多>>摘要：Mechanical stresses in the form of substrate rigidity， hydrostatic pressure， compressive， tensile and shear stress has been regarded as an important motive for the epithelial carcinogenesis brought about by the activation of Hippo signaling pathways。 Masticatory forces generated in edentulous patients with dentures are transferred directly to the palatal mucosa (maxillary denture) and alveolar mucosa (mandibular denture)。 Thus， the oral mucosa present underneath the dentures experiences compressive， shear and tensile stresses on a day-to-day basis。 These stresses can induce carcinogenesis by mechano-transduction and subsequent activation of numerous carcinogenesis relevant signaling pathways such as the HIPPO pathway。 With this contention in mind， we proposed a hypothesis， which explains the pathogenesis for the presence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in denture wearer patients。 Efforts were made to envisage the appropriate experimentations for the evaluation of the hypothesis。 As a therapeutic implication， flexible dentures， soft denture， or medicated dentures could be prescribed for the high-risk groups having potentially malignant lesions in the oral cavity。
查看更多>>摘要：At birth， the eye is moderately hypermetropic but achieves emmetropia by the age of 5?6 years in a large majority (Chakraborty et al。， 2020; Gwiazda et al。， 1993)。 The process of emmetropization is attributed to changes in several components of the eye structure， predominantly cornea， crystalline lens and axial length。 Emmetropization is possible only when there is a fine balance between the optical power of the eye and its focal length。 The former is determined by the combined dioptric power of the cornea and crystalline lens and the latter by the axial length of the eyeball。 Increase in axial length has been shown to be the most important factor for reaching emmetropia。 The main determinant of this increase is reported to be expansion of the vitreous chamber (Mutti et al。， 2005; Larsen， 1971)。 Growth of the vitreous body during postnatal development is well established。 However， what initiates vitreous chamber expansion and what brings about its precise arrest at the point of emmetropization are aspects that have not been explored and remain an enigma。 It is hypothesized herein that vitreous chamber expansion and resultant early increase in axial length that precisely stops at the point of emmetropia， occurs secondary to postnatal structural and conformational changes within the vitreous collagen and internal limiting membrane (ILM) collagen and molecular interactions between these two structures。
查看更多>>摘要：Sleep paralysis is a curious condition where the paralyzed person may hallucinate terrifying ghosts。 These hypnogogic and hypnopompic visions are common worldwide。 They often entail seeing and sensing shadow beings; although hallucinating full-fledged figures (e。g。， cat-like creatures and witches) are not uncommon。 In this paper， I propose a neuroscientific account (building on previous work) for why people see ghosts during sleep paralysis and why these tend to manifest as faceless shadows。 This novel venture considers the distinct computational styles of the right and left hemisphere and their functional specializations vis-`a-vis florid intruder hallucinations and out-of-body experiences (OBEs) during these dream-like states。 Additionally， I provide a brain-based explanation for dissociative phenomena common during sleep paralysis。 Specifically， I posit that these ghost hallucinations and OBEs are chiefly mediated by activity in key regions in the right hemisphere; and outline how the functional organization of the visual system (evoking concepts like surface interpolation) and its economizing nature (i。e。， proclivity to minimize computational load and take short-cuts) can explain faceless humanoid-shadows and sensed presence hallucinations during sleep paralysis; and how the hypothalamus and anterior cingulate may be implicated during related dissociative states。 Ultimately empirical research must shed light on the validity of this account。 If this hypothesis is correct， patients with right hemisphere damage (i。e。， in implicated areas) should be less likely to hallucinate ghosts during sleep paralysis; i。e。， compared to those with intact hemispheres or damage to the left only。 It may also be possible to temporarily disable right hemisphere functions during sleep paralysis using transcranial magnetic stimulation。 Accordingly， this procedure should eradicate sleep paralysis ghost hallucinations。
查看更多>>摘要：Background: The lack of improvement in prognosis of accidental hypothermia and neonatal cold injury suggests that a major cause of mortality has not been appreciated。
查看更多>>摘要：Given the reports made about geographical differences in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) occurrence， suggesting a link between dietary habits， genes and cancer risk， we hypothesise that there are four fundamental metabolic pathways involved in diet-genes interactions， directly implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis: folate metabolism; lipid metabolism; oxidative stress response; and inflammatory response。 Supporting this hypothesis are the ev-idence given by the significant associations between several diet-genes polymorphisms and CRC， namely: MTHFR， MTR， MTRR and TS (involved in folate metabolism); NPY， APOA1， APOB， APOC3， APOE， CETP， LPL and PON1 (involved in lipid metabolism); MNSOD， SOD3， CAT， GSTP1， GSTT1 and GSTM1 (involved in oxidative stress response); and IL-1， IL-6， TNF-?， and TGF-? (involved in inflammatory response)。 We also highlight the association between some foods/nutrients/nutraceuticals that are important in CRC prevention or treatment and the four metabolic pathways proposed， and the recent results of genome-wide association studies， both assisting our hypothesis。 Finally， we propose a new line of investigation with larger studies， using accurate dietary bio-markers and investigating the four metabolic pathways genes simultaneously。 This line of investigation will be essential to understand the full complexity of the association between nature and nurture in CRC and perhaps in other types of cancers。 Only with this in-depth knowledge will it be possible to make personalised nutrition recommendations for disease prevention and management。
查看更多>>摘要：The rampant emergence of Candida albicans in the vagina and its ability to thrive as a biofilm has outstood the prevalence of candidal vulvovaginitis (CVV)， a gender-based fungal infection approximately affecting 75% of the global female population。 The biofilm represents a multidimensional microbial population， which often dictates prominent caveats of CVV such as increased fungal virulence， drug resistance and infection relapse/recurrence。 Additionally， the conjugated issues of the ineffectiveness of conventional antifungals (azoles)， prolonged treatment durations， compromised patient compliance， economic and social burden， exacerbates CVV complications as well。 Henceforth， the current hypothesis narrates an investigational proposal for exploration and combination of naturally derived antibiofilm components with luliconazole (imidazole antifungal agent) as a new therapeutic paradigm against CVV。 The purported hypothesis unravels a synergistic approach for fabricating Nanostructured Lipid Carriers， NLCs loaded transvaginal gel with dual APIs of natural (antibiofilm) as well as the synthetic (antifungal) origin to target high therapeutic efficacy， delivery， retention， controlled release and bioadhesion in a vaginal milieu。 The multipronged effect of antibiofilm and antifungal agents will expectably enhance drug susceptibility thus， maintaining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against cells of C。 albicans and targeting its biofilm in planktonic， adherent， and sessile phases。 The effective disruption of a biofilm could further lower infection resistance and recurrence as well。 In conclusion， the purported hypothesis could speed up the emergence of novel drug combinations and accelerates new product development with solid， synergistic， and complementary activities against C。 albicans and its biofilm， making it amenable for generating pre-clinical and clinical results thereby creating a suitable roadmap for commercialization。
Barr, Alasdair M.Stewart, S. EvelynWhite, Randall F.Honer, William G....
5页
查看更多>>摘要：Evidence supports the fact that clozapine can induce stressful obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS)。 Although clozapine's robust inhibition of serotonergic neurotransmission is believed to be a key mechanism underlying clozapine-induced OCS， the exact mechanism(s) are not fully understood。 Intuitively， it is reasonable to believe that the dose of clozapine is likely related to emergent OCS severity。 However， there is conflicting evidence where both positive and inverse relationships have been demonstrated between clozapine dose and emergent OCS severity。 Upon examination of clozapine's receptor profile， in particular its affinity for 5-HT2A and D-2 receptors， we hypothesize that there is a biphasic relationship between clozapine dose and emergent OCS severity。 We present here a preliminary analysis of published cases in the literature to support our hypothesis。
NSTL
Elsevier