查看更多>>摘要：Obesity has shown a protective effect on mortality in older adults， also known as the obesity paradox， but there are still controversies about this relationship。 Recent studies have shown a J or U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality， wherein an optimal range is described between 22 and 37?kg/m2 depending on the condition。 Many mechanisms can explain this protective effect of higher BMI， fat/muscle mass storage， more aggressive treatment in obese individuals， loss of bone mineral content and selection bias。 However， BMI must be used with caution due to its limitations to determine body composition and fat distribution。 Although BMI is an easy tool to evaluate obesity， its protective effect may be present to certain extend， from normal range to class I obesity (BMI 30–34。9?kg/m2)， but then it becomes detrimental。 Skeletal muscle mass and muscle function associated with adipose tissue assessment can add valuable information in the risk stratification。 Further studies should be performed prospectively， adjust BMI for cofounding variable and consider other elderly subpopulations。 To promote healthy ageing， excessive fat mass should be avoided and maintenance or improvement of skeletal muscle mass and muscle function should be stimulated in older adults。
查看更多>>摘要：Cell senescence is implicated in numerous age-related conditions。 Antiageing therapies and nutritional approaches have been researched for purposes of removing senescent cells (senolytics) to treat or prevent age-related diseases， such as cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease。 In this updated review， we examined the evidence from the last 18 months regarding nutrition senolytics， with a focus on cognitive ageing among older adults。 Overall， 19 systematic reviews and 17 intervention studies were included。 Studies failed to provide evidence of nutritional senolytic agents or senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) suppressors， for oral supplements providing beneficial effects on cognitive ageing among older adults。 The protective role of food sources such as berries and nuts， and dietary patterns of Mediterranean diet and Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet against cognitive decline or risk of dementia have been mostly supported by recent studies。 The present review gathered additional evidence for both oral supplements and foods/diets rich in nutritional senolytic agents or SASP suppressors on cognitive health among older adults。 In pursuing antiageing strategies， the importance of whole foods and healthy diets should not be overlooked， future studies are warranted on long-term effects and cytotoxicity of nutritional senolytics。
查看更多>>摘要：We describe the recent advances in rehabilitation nutrition， which is especially important for disabled or frail older individuals。 Recent evidence pertaining to rehabilitation nutrition conducted in rehabilitation wards and acute care hospitals has been accumulating。 The combination of rehabilitation nutrition and rehabilitation pharmacotherapy is important for eliciting higher functions。 The 2020 update of the clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation nutrition provides a weak recommendation for enhanced nutritional care for patients with cerebrovascular disease， hip fracture， cancer， or acute illness who are undergoing rehabilitation。 Rehabilitation nutritional care process and the International Classification of Functioning， Disability and Health-Dietetics are used to implement high-quality rehabilitation nutrition。 Aggressive nutrition therapy incorporates the daily energy expenditure plus daily energy accumulation to increase body weight and muscle mass。 Preventing and treating sarcopenic dysphagia should include iatrogenic sarcopenia prevention and aggressive nutrition therapy。 The diagnosis criteria for respiratory sarcopenia and sarcopenic respiratory disability have been established。 The International Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition and Total Nutrition Therapy Rehabilitation program may contribute to international expansion of rehabilitation nutrition。 Improving evidence–practice gaps in rehabilitation nutrition and increasing national health insurance coverage of aggressive nutrition therapy and rehabilitation nutrition teams are warranted。
查看更多>>摘要：Sarcopenia screening tools can enable clinicians to select individuals for more demanding evaluations， and hence， may facilitate its timely diagnosis and management。 The most common recommended screening test is SARC-F， whereas many others are proposed。 We aimed to summarize the recent studies and evidence performed on SARC-F and other sarcopenia screening tools。 Meta-analysis studies reported that despite having moderate-high specificity， SARC-F has low-moderate sensitivity to detect sarcopenia， which would cause a significant number of individuals having sarcopenia to be unrecognized。 Several recent studies aimed to increase sensitivity and utility of SARC-F as a screening tool by i。e。， application of lower cut-offs， adding extra-items， and combining with other screening tests。 Some of these approaches increased its screening efficacy significantly。 In line with its previous studies， SARC-F showed success to predict adverse outcomes in the latest studies as well。 Recently， it has also been suggested as a reasonable screening test for frailty。 In addition to the long-standing screening tests i。e。， anthropometric measures， Ishii Test and Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment (MSRA) Questionnaire; new tests， i。e。， Taiwan Risk Score for Sarcopenia， Sarcopenia Scoring Assessment Model (SarSA-Mod) and re-purposed tests， i。e。， SARQoL questionnaire and fracture risk assessment tool have been investigated as potential screening tests for sarcopenia。 Some of these tests performed as well as or superior to standard SARC-F。 Screening of sarcopenia is critical for public health given its significant prevalence and adverse outcomes。 SARC-F is the most recommended tool for screening but has low-moderate sensitivity。 Studies performed recently indicate that its sensitivity can be increased by some attempts and it may be used as a reasonable test to screen frailty as well。 Some other tests have also been developed/re-purposed for an efficient screening， needing to be tested for their performance and usability with future studies in different populations and settings。
查看更多>>摘要：The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)， branched-chain keto acids (BCKA)， and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) have regained interest as food ingredients in health and disease。 To support nutritional strategies， it is critical to gain insight into the whole body and transorgan kinetics of these components。 We， therefore， reviewed the most recent literature in this field on in vivo analysis of BCAA， BCKA， and HMB kinetics in health and disease。 With a new comprehensive metabolic flux analysis BCAA， BCKA， and HMB whole body production， interconversion and disposal rates can be measured simultaneously。 Recent studies have provided us with a better understanding of whole-body and transorgan kinetics under postabsorptive， postprandial， hibernating， and lactating conditions。 In human pathophysiological conditions like COPD， obesity， and diabetes， the added value of BCAA kinetic measurements over the commonly used concentration measurements only， is discussed。 This article highlights the importance of implementing BCAA， BCKA， and HMB kinetic studies to further advance the field by gaining more mechanistic insights and providing direction to the development of new targeted (nutritional) strategies。
查看更多>>摘要：Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are dual-specificity phosphatases and comprise three members， PRL-1， -2 and -3。 Despite the importance of PRLs as oncoproteins， there is no consensus function for this family of phosphatases。 In the current review paper， we summarize recent findings on the role of PRLs in metabolic regulation。 Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a cancer hallmark。 Glucose is the major source of energy in cells。 Glucose metabolism occurs through the glycolysis and can continue through the pathways such as serine synthesis pathway or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)。 Magnesium (Mg2+)， the second most abundant cation in cells， plays an essential role in energy production by acting as a cofactor for most enzymes involved in glycolysis and in TCA。 Recent findings have shown that the PRL family has a role in metabolic reprogramming mediated by (1) Mg2+ homeostasis， (2) shifting the energy source preference to glucose consumption and fueling serine/glycine pathway and (3) regulating PI3 kinase/Mammalian target of rapamycin complex。 Both the phosphatase and nonphosphatase activity of PRLs appear to be important for its oncogenic role。 The PRL family contributes to the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells and， thereby， allows cancer cells to meet the high metabolic demands required for cell proliferation。
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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins