Danilov-Danilyan, V. I.Kozlova, M. A.Polyanin, V. O.Chesnokova, I. V....
8页
查看更多>>摘要：The present-day knowledge of Crimean water resources is analyzed; the data on surface water and, the more so, deposits of groundwater, as well as the interaction between them are shown to be poor. The potential for meeting the demand for water from external sources in the medium term is considered and estimated negatively. It is supposed that the full-scale water supply to the population and economy of Crimea can rely on the local sources with their rational use, integrated management of water resources, and modernization of water economy. The main factors that govern the formation of water quality in natural water objects of Crimea are identified, and some lines for the development of water quality monitoring and measures for its improvement are proposed. The floods of 2021 in Crimea are considered as a signal that such hazard should be regarded as a permanent factor; some anthropogenic conditions that enhance the risk of floods and measures to reduce the risk are mentioned.
Volkova, N. E.Ivanyutin, N. M.Tarasenko, V. S.Pashtetskii, V. S....
10页
查看更多>>摘要：The aggravating deficiency of water resources in the Republic of Crimea emphasizes the necessity of their rational use. As this should be based on the rational water policy, this study gives the analysis of the main regulatory and legislative documents governing the water-management activity in Crimean Region, reveals their drawbacks, and, basing on a review of the world experience in increasing the ecological-economic efficiency of water use, presents proposals for ensuring the rational use of water-resource potential. Basing on the experience of other countries, the introduction of the concept of integrated management of water resources is promising for the Republic of Crimea. The implementation of this approach will require some transformations, including changes in the structure of water resources management, improvement of the regulatory and scientific-methodological base; the introduction of strict control of water intake; the involvement of all water sources, including those with limited applicability, into water development process; and the preparation of high-qualification experts for the use of modern software and computer technologies (GIS applications, hydrological models), etc.
查看更多>>摘要：The level of water safety of the Steppe Crimea has been analyzed. The water safety has been shown to be mostly determined by the water availability in the fields of agricultural crops, primarily, cereals, cultivated in the region. The main component of water resources in the Steppe Crimea is soil water resources. The possible strategies for increasing the water availability in agrocenoses and the efficiency of the use of soil water reserves in the Steppe Crimea have been analyzed. The main strategy for improvement of water availability for agroecosystems in the region has been shown to be the strategy of development of green farming, based on the rational use of natural resources through the development of nature-use technologies oriented on nature-based processes, in particular, the use of no-till technology of minimal soil treatment with mulching its surface with plant remains.
查看更多>>摘要：Statistical data on water intake from sources, its use for various needs, and the discharge of wastewater and pollutants in the Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol for 2014-2020 are analyzed. A sharp change in the structure of fresh water intake has been revealed. The influence of circulating water supply on savings of fresh water for production needs is shown. Data on the growth of water losses as a result of an increase in the wear of water supply networks are presented. The dynamics of a constant decrease in the specific water consumption for drinking and domestic needs in Crimean resorts is shown. Changes in the volume of water use on irrigated lands and changes in the structure of irrigated land use have been assessed. Despite the reduction in the volume of wastewater, the discharge of pollutants into water bodies has significantly increased.
查看更多>>摘要：The filling of naturally flowing reservoirs in the Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol has been analyzed. A set of measures to solve the problems of water supply security is substantiated based on a detailed analysis of the centuries-old experience of water use on the Crimean Peninsula, as well as analysis of modern trends in the use of integrated schemes combining extensive and intensive methods for solving problems of water scarcity with the introduction of principles of water saving and water efficiency. The uneven seasonal and territorial distribution of precipitation on the Crimean Peninsula (one of the main causes of water deficit) is assessed. Issues of a more complete use of watercourses during spring and summer floods in high-water years by increasing the total live storage capacity of naturally flowing reservoirs in Crimea are considered. An effectiveness of the use of intensive methods of water consumption for reducing and eliminating water scarcity in different countries is shown. Ways of solving the problems of water supply security in Crimea using intensive methods of water use are substantiated.
Kositskii, A. G.Bogutskaya, E. M.Grechushnikova, M. G.Grigor'ev, V. Yu....
13页
查看更多>>摘要：Data on annual runoff at 15 gages, reflecting the relatively natural conditions of runoff formation were used to reveal the present-day features of its space and time variations. Out of these, data from nine gages now in operation were used to carry out full statistical analysis of long-term observation series. In some rivers, the annual runoff was found to have been increasing since 1991. The dependences of the mean long-term water discharges in rivers under natural conditions on their orders determined by A. Scheidegger method were evaluated. By the character of this dependence, Crimean rivers were found to follow the general regularities in such relationships derived for other Russian rivers. In particular, the mean long-term water discharges in Crimean rivers are higher than those calculated by the bottom envelope curve for the relationship between mean long-term water discharges and the orders of different Russian rivers; this allowed it to be used to calculate the least possible value of the mean long-term volumes of annual river runoff in Crimea and, accordingly, the volume of renewable water resources, equal to 371 million m(3).
Tokarev, S. V.Samokhin, G. V.Amelichev, G. N.Vakhrushev, B. A....
10页
查看更多>>摘要：The Crimean Peninsula, with 84% of its territory composed of soluble rocks, is a region of wide occurrence and diverse manifestations of karst. Practically all groundwater of Crimea is related to karst aquifers, which have some hydrogeological features: the high velocities of groundwater flow and the high concentrations of dissolved substances in it; the spotty character of its discharge, the disagreement between subsurface and surface drainage areas, etc. The article shows the main problems of karst hydrogeology in the Crimean Peninsula, including the identification of evolution-genetic types of karst, the determination of the buffer function of the epikarst zone, the identification of the drainage boundaries of large karst sources, the evaluation of the rates of submarine discharge of karst water and its use, the substantiation of the zone of sanitary protection for karst water intakes, and the problems in the numerical geohydrological simulation under karst conditions. A combination of works is proposed for solving such problems, including systematic experiments for multitrassing karst water, monitoring studies in recharge areas and discharge boundaries of karst water-bearing systems. An obligatory condition for the correct interpretation of the obtained data is the use of the modern speleogenetic concepts.
Gartsman, B. I.Belyakova, P. A.Suchkova, K. V.Shekman, E. A....
11页
查看更多>>摘要：The main measure of a river system is commonly accepted to be its catchment area, which determines its main function, i.e., collecting precipitation. However, the river basin also has a volume and a vertical size. The need to take into account the volume of a river basin and to develop the concept of its vertical size (conventionally, "thickness") stems from both general methodological considerations and the available experience of hydrological studies. A system of new estimates of the "thickness" and volume of a basin is proposed to characterize, in particular, its cut depth, the vertical dissection, the "thickness" of the zone of active water exchange, etc. These characteristics can significantly improve the efficiency of the methods of structural-hydrographic indication in the analysis of erosion-accumulation processes, solid runoff, and, in regions with the obvious predominance of groundwater inflow, in what regards the parameters of water flow. The efficiency of the proposed characteristics is demonstrated in the analysis of river systems developing under contrast geological conditions, i.e., in the Mountain Crimea and in the southern sector of Caucasian Black Sea coast. The extension of the instrumentation, the improvement of the detail and information content of relief analysis can be of universal value and can be widely applied in the Earth sciences.
Ermakova, G. S.Gorelits, O. V.Zhbakov, K. K.Zemlyanov, I. V....
14页
查看更多>>摘要：The results of studies of extreme floods in Crimean rivers in the summer of 2021 are presented. Analytical and historical generalization is made for the problem of the adverse effects of water and mud flows in Crimea, and the factors of flood and mudflow formation in Crimean rivers in 2021 are analyzed. The maximal water discharges and levels are evaluated, and the dynamics of flood wave propagation in the Bel'bek River basin is examined. The hazardous hydrological phenomena that have taken place are shown to be unique, and their adverse effects are evaluated.
Kharitonova, N. A.Filimonova, E. A.Kortunov, E. A.Samartsev, V. N....
17页
查看更多>>摘要：The results of our study show that the natural waters in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula are characterized by a wide range of chemical and isotopic composition. The chemical composition of the waters, as well as the level of concentration of the salt component, are determined and controlled by a number of factors: the tectonic structure of the area and lithological composition of the water-bearing strata, as well as the intensity and duration of their dissolution. The total concentration of rare earth elements is low (up to 0.199 mu g/L): the maximum concentration has been recorded for springs localized in Cretaceous-Paleogene strata, while the minimum concentration for well groundwaters. The amount of light rare earth elements is generally much greater than that of yttrium and heavy rare earth elements. The NASC-normalized trends are rather flat in the distribution of rare earth elements, which is typical for fresh groundwaters; they clearly show a positive anomaly of Eu and a negative anomaly of Ce except well waters. With respect to the delta H-2 and delta O-18 values, the underground waters of springs are close to the atmospheric waters of the region, while groundwater samples from the wells have a very light composition. It has been revealed that the spring waters have a meteoric genesis with predominantly winter recharge at altitudes of 800-1200 m.
NSTL
Springer Nature