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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Distinct transpiration characteristics of black locust plantations acclimated to semiarid and subhumid sites in the Loess Plateau, China

    Yamanaka N.Lyu J.He Q.-Y.Chen Q.-W....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is widely planted throughout semiarid and subhumid regions of the Loess Plateau of China. Determining the changes in transpiration of this species in different climatic areas is important for revealing the acclimation mechanism of black locust and developing suitable forest management practices, particularly in the context of global climate change. Here, sap flow and canopy conductance of black locust plantation trees in semiarid (Yan'an) and subhumid (Yongshou) sites were quantified using Granier-type thermal dissipation probes and concurrent environmental observations from 2012 to 2017. Several physiological parameters were measured throughout the growing season. The results showed that sap flow was correlated with phenological factors across seasons within a year. However, interannual changes in sap flow were affected mainly by the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) at the Yongshou site, and jointly by precipitation (P), soil water content, and P/ET0 at the Yan'an site. Sap flow response to meteorological factors showed less discrepancy between pre- and post-rainfall periods at the Yan'an site. Moreover, canopy conductance fluctuated less with a wider range of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and the slope of canopy resistance as a function of VPD was lower, indicating relatively lower sensitivity of stomatal conductance to environmental factors in Yan'an site. Physiological parameters, except for predawn leaf water potential, were significantly different between the two sites. The results suggested that black locust tended to reduce transpiration, modify leaf morphology, and improve water use efficiency to enhance its adaptability to the dryer site. The species changes stomatal regulation characteristics and general growth rate to acclimatize to distinct water habitats.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Investigating soybean (Glycine max L.) responses to irrigation on a large-scale farm in the humid climate of the Mississippi Delta region

    Reddy K.N.Singh G.Anapalli S.S.Pinnamaneni S.R....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The shallow Lower Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer, which supports irrigated agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD) region, is fast depleting from unsustainable water extractions for irrigations. The survival of irrigated agriculture in the region today hinges on enhancing the irrigation use efficiencies of the water pumped out. Furrow irrigation practices (surface or flood irrigation) dominate the LMD region's irrigated agriculture scenario. We investigated soybean productivity in response to irrigations applied through every furrow (FI), applied through alternate furrow (AFI), and rainfed (RF, no irrigation). Approximately half the volume of water applied in FI was applied in the AFI. The experiments were conducted in 2016, 2018, and 2020, which constituted the soybean phases of a corn-soybean rotation trial conducted on a clay soil in farm-scale plots (15 ha). The plots were equipped with eddy covariance systems for quantifying crop water use (ET, evapotranspiration). There was no appreciable difference in soybean grain yield between FI and AFI, but RF yielded significantly lower than FI and AFI. Leaf area index was also significantly lower in RF compared to FI and AFI. Across the three years, the average reduction in soybean yield was only 2% in AFI, while it was 24% in RF compared to FI. Average grain yields were 4507, 4413, and 3422 kg ha?1; seasonal ET were 549, 562, and 527 mm; and water use efficiencies (WUE) were 8, 8, and 7 kg ha?1 mm?1 in FI, AFI, and RF, respectively. This large farm-scale study demonstrated that grain yields from irrigating soybean through alternate furrows were comparable to irrigating through every furrow, thus saving about half the water pumped out of the aquifer. This unique study was conducted in farm-scale fields; as such, the results obtained directly apply to a farm environment, so they are ready for recommendation to soybean farmers for adoption without further field trials.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Improving crop modeling to better simulate maize yield variability under different irrigation managements

    Abimbola O.P.Franz T.E.Rudnick D.Heeren D....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Crop models have been used for investigating crop responses to environmental stresses for decades. The study objectives were to (i) calibrate and validate a simple crop model (Hybrid-Maize) using in-situ measured data from sixteen uniquely managed treatments as part of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Testing Ag Performance Solutions (TAPS) program in North Platte, NE, and (ii) carry out sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation using a multi-parameter optimization approach. Sixteen Arable Mark 1 sensors and thirty two Mark 2 sensors (Arable Labs Inc., San Francisco, CA) collecting hourly and daily weather and crop information in 2019 and 2020 respectively, were installed in the TAPS subsurface drip irrigation experimental plots which were planted with maize and subjected to different irrigation and nitrogen practices. Hybrid-Maize was used for simulating maize yield on the sixteen treatments in 2019 and 2020. Sensitivity analysis showed that initial light use efficiency (LUE), potential kernel filling rate (G5), potential number of kernels per ear (G2), growth respiration coefficient of grain (GRG), empirical parameter determining the relative contribution of a soil layer to water uptake (SLW), and maximum photosynthetic rate (MPR) were the most sensitive parameters to yield. A novel multi-parameter optimization (MPO) approach based on kriging was used for calibrating these six parameters, and the best parameter sets which were later used for model validation. Calibration results showed that there seemed to be strong linear relationships between total water received (WR) and some of the parameters. By using each year's MPO averages of the six parameters instead of default values, ME, MAE, RMSE, uRMSE, and nRMSE were all reduced by about 69%, 66%, 60%, 27%, and 61% respectively for validation treatments. The advantage of using in-situ sensors, coupled with the suitability of the calibrated model for simulating maize yield under different irrigation management, will make the model more useful in future field-scale research with focus on developing decision support tools for in-season crop management and yield forecasts.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of irrigation regime and varietal selection on the yield, water productivity, energy indices and economics of rice production in the lower Gangetic Plains of Eastern India

    Poddar R.Acharjee P.U.Bhattacharyya K.Patra S.K....
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Water is the major environmental constraint for sustainable rice cultivation. A field experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effects of three irrigation methods viz., continuous ponding (CP), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and saturation (SAT)) and three popular local rice varieties (IET-4786, IR-36 and GB-1) laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications on growth, yield, water and energy productivity and economics of winter rice grown at farmers’ field. Results of the study showed that all the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were significantly higher in CP followed by AWD method. Among the varieties, GB-1 was superior in both CP and AWD conditions to produce higher yields and yield variables than IET-4786 and IR-36. Crop water productivity (CWP) was found maximum in SAT regime followed by AWD while GB-1 as well as followed by IET-4786 displayed highest CWP among rice varieties. Energy use efficiency (EUE) and economics were higher in AWD with GB-1 followed by CP with GB-1. AWD irrigation coupled with GB-1 variety was the best treatment combination for deriving higher grain yield with maximum water saving, CWP, EUE and benefit-cost ratio.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Maize leaf functional responses to blending urea and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer under various drip irrigation regimes

    Guo J.Fan J.Xiang Y.Zhang F....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The effects of water deficit on maize growth and physiological activities have been extensively studied. However, there are few studies about how various nitrogen (N) fertilizer types alleviate the impact of water stress on maize yield. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of N type on maize growth, physiological characteristics and gain yield under various water-stressed conditions in 2019 and 2020. This experiment included three irrigation levels of W1 (60% ETc, ETc is crop evapotranspiration), W2 (80% ETc) and W3 (100% ETc), and three N fertilizer types of urea (U), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRF) and blending U and SRF (UNS). The results showed that W1 and W2 significantly reduced maize leaf area index and leaf N content, which declined maize net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and chlorophyll fluorescence, inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and thus reduced maize yield. W3 not only increased maize growth, Pn and Tr, but also enhanced the correlation between Pn, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and leaf area index/leaf N content. The application of UNS alleviated the grain yield reduction associated with water stress. Under W1 (W2), the grain yield in UNS were 3.6–22.1% (10.4–25.0%) and 4.4–24.2% (5.3–15.4%) greater than that in U and SRF, respectively. Although W3SRF obtained the highest yield grain among all the treatments, no significant difference was found between W3UNS and W3SRF. Under the same irrigation amount, UNS increased the water productivity compared with U. In conclusion, UNS could stabilize grain yield by regulating maize leaf functional traits to cope with future climate change and ensure regional food security.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Automated ebb-and-flow subirrigation accelerates citrus liner production in treepots

    Zambon F.T.Meadows T.D.Eckman M.A.Rodriguez K.M.R....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Over the past decade, citrus production has sharply decreased in Florida because of citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB), a disease that reduces fruit yield and quality and eventually kills the citrus trees. With the increased mortality and need to resetting trees, the demand for healthy trees from citrus nurseries has risen drastically in the last few years. To meet the demand and accelerate tree growth, the citrus nursery industry should use modern horticultural practices such as more efficient irrigation methods, fertigation, and more vigorous rootstocks. This study evaluated the effect of subirrigation systems in tree production time, water and fertilizer inputs, and plant growth of commercial citrus rootstocks cultivated in treepots. We tested five irrigation methods [three ebb-and-flow subirrigation systems triggered at specific volumetric water contents (θ, 0.24, 0.36, and 0.48 m3 m?3), capillary mats, and a conventional drip irrigation system], and six commercial rootstocks (Kuharske, UFR-2, UFR-16, US-802, US-812, and X-639). The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design, with the main plot consisting of the five irrigation methods and sub-plots the different rootstocks. Ebb-and-flow subirrigation benches conserved 98% more water than conventional drip irrigation. Rootstocks grown under ebb-and-flow systems reached adequate stem diameter for grafting four weeks before the drip irrigation. Pummelo hybrids used in this study (UFR-16, UFR-2, and US-802) were 55% taller, 24% thicker, and 150% heavier on biomass production than the other varieties tested, irrespective of the irrigation method utilized. Although the substrate electrical conductivity was higher in all subirrigation methods, the values were below 1 dS cm?1, not causing symptoms of osmotic stress in plants. Our results show that the ebb-and-flow subirrigation system at θ of 0.24 m3 m?3 is the best option for accelerating citrus growth in treepots with peat: perlite substrate and to conserve water in Florida nurseries in comparison to capillary mats and drip irrigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Combined effects of urea type and placement depth on grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rain-fed spring maize in northern China

    Qiang S.Zhang Y.Zhao H.Fan J....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Inappropriate nitrogen (N) application can lower N use efficiency (NUE) and crop water productivity (WP), and further affect the sustainable development of agriculture in the rain-fed areas of northern China. It is thus crucial to improve NUE and WP by developing a suitable nitrogen fertilization strategy. In this study, two urea types (UT), i.e., conventional urea (CU) and controlled-release urea (CRU), and three urea placement depths (PD) including 8 cm (D8), 16 cm (D16) and 24 cm (D24) were tested on rain-fed spring maize in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Grain yield (GY), partial factor productivity of N (PFPN), WP and nitrate N residue (NR) were evaluated. Compared with D8, D16 and D24 enhanced evapotranspiration, dry matter and N uptake of spring maize, and the increases were greater under CRU than CU. D16 produced the highest GY and WP among the placement depths, with mean values of 8417.8 kg ha?1 and 21.4 kg ha?1 mm?1, respectively. Compared with CU, CRU obtained higher mean GY (8754.5 vs. 7554.6 kg ha?1) and WP (21.8 vs. 20.2 kg ha?1 mm?1). The effects of UT × year and PD × year interactions on GY and WP were significant, indicating that these indicators had various responses to the planting year. The effects of UT × PD interaction on GY, WP and PFPN were not significant, suggesting that these indicators had similar responses to PD, independent of CRU or CU. CRU increased NR in the 0–80 cm soil profile, whereas it lowered NR in the 80–120 cm soil profile at harvest. Overall, the application of controlled-release urea at a placement depth of 16 cm achieved a better balance between agronomic and environmental benefits of rain-fed spring maize in northern China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatio-temporal analysis of nitrogen variations in an irrigation distribution network using reclaimed water for irrigating olive trees

    Martin Garcia I.Alcaide Zaragoza C.Camacho Poyato E.Rodriguez Diaz J.A....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsFertigation management of olive grove is highly complex, especially when reclaimed water is used for irrigation. Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient component of olive trees which, traditionally, has led to an excessive use in fertilization programs. This problem can be exacerbated if reclaimed water is used since it already contains N. For this reason, water quality must be considered in the fertilization plan. Both total content and N form arriving to the trees have implications in olive tree nutrient requirements as well as the environment. If reclaimed water particularities and the length of the pipes of water distribution networks are considered, the form and total concentration of N can change over space and time. In this work, both spatial and temporal analysis of the N content and form in a water distribution network using reclaimed water for irrigating olive trees was performed. This study proved that changes in N were evident both over time and across the irrigation water distribution network. Seasonally, N content was reduced during the summer period. Spatially, a clear nitrification occurred from the pumping station to the farms. These variations demonstrate the importance of a continuous water quality control in order to adjust the fertilization plan according to the N content in water.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Source-sink relationship and yield stability of two maize cultivars in response to water and fertilizer inputs in northwest China

    Yan S.Fan J.Zhang F.Zheng J....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Increasing the capacity of plants to assimilate carbon (source), or to tap into the internal carbon reservoir (sink), has the potential of realizing high and stable yield under a more variable climate. A three-year field experiment was conducted to explore the source-sink relationships of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars in response to various water and fertilizer inputs, and evaluate the yield sustainability in northwest China. There were two fertilization rates (unfertilized, F0; fertilized, F1), two irrigation strategies (rainfed, RF; supplemental drip irrigation, DI) and two maize cultivars (ZD958 and QL14). The results showed that the newly released maize cultivar (QL14) had higher leaf chlorophyll content at the silking and grain-filling stages than the old one (ZD958); meanwhile, QL14 had higher root dry matter at maturity than ZD958 under DIF1. The aboveground and root dry matter increased with the amount of water and fertilizer, while the root-shoot ratio decreased. Cultivar significantly affected the vegetative organ dry matter partitioning, especially under severe drought at the silking stage. QL14 had stronger root system and larger leaf dry matter than ZD958, and was more drought-resistant under serious water-stressed conditions. Dry matter translocation (DMT) was crucial for grain yield formation under limited nutrients conditions, and ~55% of total dry matter at maturity was accumulated at the grain-filling stage under adequate water and fertilizer conditions. DIF1 had higher sustainable yield index (SYI) than RFF1. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the two maize cultivars under DIF1, but the average SYI of QL14 (0.94) was greater than that of ZD958 (0.89). The present study indicates that the newly released maize cultivar (QL14) with stronger root system and stay-green characteristics is beneficial for increasing drought resistance and keeping yield stable in the semi-humid and drought-prone region of northwest China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Limited irrigation and fertilization in sand-layered soil increases nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefits under film mulched ridge-furrow irrigation in arid areas

    Li C.Feng H.Luo X.Li Y....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Hetao Irrigation District (HID) in the upper Yellow River Basin of China is vulnerable due to the scarcity of water resources and environmental pollution caused by nutrient leaching. Appropriate irrigation and fertilization management are essential for improving crop productivity and developing sustainable agriculture in the HID. A two-year field experiment investigated the effects of irrigation and fertilization regimes on soil water, nitrogen accumulation and distribution in the soil profile and plant organs, nitrogen use efficiency, and economic benefits of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under film mulched ridge–furrow system. Three irrigation levels—I1 (high, 400 mm), I2 (medium, 300 mm), and I3 (low, 200 mm)—and two fertilization levels—F1 (high, 300 kg N ha?1) and F2 (low, 150 kg N ha?1) were designed. Mean soil NO3?-N contents did not significantly differ between I2 and I3 and were significantly higher than I1. I1F1 and I1F2 remarkably increased soil NO3?-N accumulation in the 80 ? 100 cm soil layer at harvest. High irrigation increased the risk of N leaching into the deep soil layer. I2F2 increased plant nitrogen accumulation and promoted nitrogen transport to grains, improved nitrogen harvest index, and internal use efficiency. Under 400 or 300 mm irrigation amount, soil moisture and plant growth had little difference. Grain yields among I1F1, I1F2, I2F1, and I2F2 did not significantly differ in 2017 and 2018. In the relatively poor rainfall year (2017), I2F2 had 13.1%, 211.8%, and 294.1% higher net income than I2F1, I3F1, and I3F2, respectively, but 24.5% and 33.0% lower net income than I1F1 and I1F2, respectively. In 2018 with normal rainfall, I2F2 had 38.5%, 4.8%, 29.5%, 114.3%, and 96.2% higher net income than I1F1, I1F2, I2F1, I3F1, and I3F2, respectively. Therefore, the film mulched ridge–furrow irrigation system with 300 mm irrigation and 150 kg N ha?1 fertilization is a promising approach for reducing water supply and nitrogen leaching, and obtaining acceptable grain yield and economic benefits for spring maize production in the upper Yellow River Basin of China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier