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Applied Soil Ecology
Elsevier Science B.V.
Applied Soil Ecology

Elsevier Science B.V.

0929-1393

Applied Soil Ecology/Journal Applied Soil EcologySCIISTP
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    Fungal biomass and microbial necromass facilitate soil carbon sequestration and aggregate stability under different soil tillage intensities

    Rosinger C.Zechmeister-Boltenstern S.Mentler A.Keiblinger K....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe aim of global carbon (C) neutrality brings soils and their potential for C storage into the spotlight. Improved agricultural management techniques such as minimum or no-tillage are thought to foster soil C sequestration. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the inter-relations of soil organic C (SOC), fungal biomass, microbial necromass biomarkers, and aggregate stability in rhizosphere and bulk soil after thirteen years of reduced tillage intensities (reduced, minimum, and no-tillage). Overall, rhizosphere and bulk soil were indifferent in their response to reduced tillage. Reducing tillage intensity increased SOC and nitrogen stocks and dissolved organic C contents in the following order: minimum > no-tillage > reduced > conventional. Aggregate stability showed the strongest increase under no-tillage. Interestingly, ergosterol contents were highest under reduced and minimum tillage followed by no-tillage. The amino sugars muramic acid, galactosamine, and glucosamine – proxies for soil microbial-derived necromass – showed similar increases under all three tillage reduction systems. Structural equation modelling revealed that increased dissolved organic C contents under reduced tillage intensity facilitated SOC sequestration and aggregate stability through enhanced fungal biomass to necromass turnover. Thus, reducing soil tillage intensity is a valuable tool to facilitate microbial growth and hence to increase SOC sequestration in agricultural soils.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The relationships of bacterial-feeding nematodes, phoD-harboring bacteria and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in an alkaline soil

    Wang J.Wei K.Oladipo D.G.Yuan C....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Bacterial-feeding nematodes have the potential to increase soil alkaline phosphomonoesterase (AlP) activity by affecting the composition of phoD-harboring bacterial community or the abundance of phoD gene. However, the relationships between bacterial-feeding nematodes, composition of phoD-harboring bacterial community, phoD gene abundance and AlP activity with inorganic plus organic fertilization in alkaline soil where AlP is dominant is yet to be properly understood. Four fertilization regimes: non-fertilized control (CK), chemical nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK), crop straw plus chemical fertilizers (SNPK), as well as pig manure plus chemical fertilizers (MNPK), were used in determining the variation in soil bacterial-feeding nematodes, composition of phoD-harboring bacterial community, phoD gene abundance and AlP activity under different fertilization treatments as well as their relationships. Results showed that both inorganic and organic fertilizer application significantly enhanced the activity of soil AlP, which significantly decreased under NPK application compared with SNPK and MNPK treatments. Partial least squares path modeling showed that AlP activity was directly and positively affected by composition of phoD-harboring bacterial community and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and the bacterial-feeding nematode dominant genus Eucephalobus, which was affected by MBC directly, could affect AlP activity in an indirect way by its significant direct positive effect on phoD-harboring bacterial community composition. Of those 12 top bacterial genera that harbored phoD, just the gram-positive bacteria Massilia and Saccharothrix showed significant positive correlation with AlP, while Saccharothrix showed obvious positive correlation with Eucephalobus. Overall, these results suggest that the dominant genus Eucephalobus may be the beneficial indigenous bacterial-feeding nematode that can increase the activity of soil AlP within the alkaline soil, which is affected by MBC directly and can be likely to positively affect the composition of phoD-harboring bacterial community through a passive food ingestion mechanism and then promote AlP activity indirectly, of which Saccharothrix is the intermediary bacteria for the increase in AlP activity caused by the bacterial-feeding nematode.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Halotolerant rhizobacteria enhance the tolerance of the desert halophyte Nitraria schoberi to salinity and dust pollution by improving its physiological and nutritional status

    Najafi Zilaie M.Mosleh Arani A.Etesami H.Dinarvand M....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Playas have a high potential for producing dust, sand, and salt storms, which can influence human health and agricultural land in the near future. Growing vegetation is an effective way to control wind erosion, but events like soil salinity and dust storms prevent vegetation from settling in these areas. In this study, the effects of two halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains, Bacillus pumilus HR and Zhihengliuella halotolerans SB, on morpho-physiological and nutritional status of the desert halophyte Nitraria schoberi under the stress of salinity (0, 300, and 600 mM NaCl) and dust (0 and 1.5 g m?2 month?1) were examined. The results showed that salinity, dust and the combination of the two stresses had a negative effect on most morphological and physiological traits of the plant. Salinity stress reduced potassium, iron, and manganese of N. schoberi by 28, 30, and 21 %, and increased anthocyanins, proline, and peroxidase by 21, 92, and 16 %, respectively. Both bacterial strains and their combination improved plant growth against such stresses. The effect of B. pumilus HR strain was more than that of Z. halotolerans SB strain on the plant. HR strain and SB strain increased chlorophyll a by 62 and 25 %, total dry biomass by 66 and 31 % at 300 mM NaCl level, respectively, and significantly increased seedling quality index by 72 and 76 %, respectively, under dust stress. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the presence of bacterial strains decreased antioxidant compounds (negative correlation) and increased mineral elements, chlorophyll, total dry biomass, and seedling quality index. This information can help us in the optimal afforestation of this plant species and the fixation of salt dust in the playa under the conditions of climate change in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Contributions of three types of biocrusts to soil carbon stock and annual efflux in a small watershed of Northern Chinese Loess Plateau

    Dou W.Wang Y.Kidron G.J.Xiao B....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Accurate estimation of soil carbon (C) stock and efflux in drylands is vital for understanding the C cycling processes and predicting global climate change. As a “living skin”, biocrusts strongly change soil C fixation and respiration, but till now it is still challenging to accurately estimate and assess biocrust's contributions to soil C stock and efflux, especially taking different types of biocrusts and annual scale into consideration. In a small representative watershed on the northern Chinese Loess Plateau, cyanobacterial crust (cyano crust), cyanobacteria and moss mixed crust (mixed crust), moss crust, and bare soil were sampled. The organic C content of the samples were determined in laboratory, and subsequently their C stocks were calculated. Moreover, the respiration rate (Rs) of biocrusts and bare soil were repetitively measured in field for a four-month period, respectively, and an optimal regression model was established based on the relationship between Rs and corresponding temperature and moisture of soil. Lastly, the daily Rs was extended to a whole year through model extrapolation, and the seasonal and annual C efflux was obtained through summing the daily respiration together. Our results showed that (i) the organic C content of three types of biocrusts were 69 %–159 % higher than that of bare soil, and the soil C stock at depth of 0–5 cm was 0.35, 0.51, 0.81, and 0.61 kg m?2 for bare soil, cyano crust, mixed crust, and moss crust, respectively. (ii) During the measurement period, the mean Rs of the four habitats were 1.13, 2.21, 2.86, and 2.56 μmol m?2 s?1, respectively, showing that the biocrusts increased Rs by 96 %–152 % in contrast to bare soil. (iii) The variations of Rs were best explained by soil temperature and moisture through the Gaussian model, which had the lowest AIC and RMSE. (iv) Based on model extrapolation, the estimated annual C efflux from bare soil, cyano crust, mixed crust, and moss crust were 228.0, 378.0, 894.0, and 679.0 g m?2, respectively, indicating that in annual scale biocrusts increased C efflux by 66 %–292 % compared with bare soil. The seasonal variations also implied that the C efflux of biocrusts in summer and autumn were significantly higher than that in winter and spring, but they all accounted for a considerable proportion and should not be neglected. In conclusion, different types of biocrusts are the dominant contributors of soil C fixation and respiration in drylands. More importantly, the increased soil C efflux from biocrusts is highly overwhelmed by their elevated photosynthetic capacity, which make biocrusts sequestrate a considerable amount of C. These effects on soil C are highly associated with biocrust's roles in restoring degraded soil and mitigating global climate warming.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Distinct responses of active and total bacterial communities to inorganic fertilization in a 30-year experimental site

    Ding K.Su X.-X.Li H.Dai Q.-X....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Soil microbial communities play a vital role in mediating nutrient turnover, thus enhancing growth and development of plants. Understanding the dynamics of microorganisms in soils can provide insight into the influence of fertilization practices on improving soil fertility and plant growth in agricultural ecosystems. In this study, we compared the abundances and compositions of total (DNA-based, 16S rRNA gene) and active (RNA-based, 16S rRNA) bacterial communities at a 30-year experimental site in different inorganic fertilization treatments with different key elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The inorganic fertilizer amendments did not affect the abundance of total bacteria but significantly affected the abundance of active bacteria due to changes in microbial biomass carbon and NH4+-N contents. Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, especially for some dominant orders (e.g. Nostocales, Pseudanabaenales and Nitrosomonadales) were the dominant phyla in the active microbial community and differed proportionally in nitrogen and phosphorus fertilized soil. Soil N speciation (e.g. total N, NH4+-N and NO3?-N) were the main determinants controlling the Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria communities. Our results indicated that the unbalanced fertilization could reduce the abundance of active bacteria and significantly changed the dominant phyla compared with balanced fertilization. These findings provided an insight of composition and ratio of nutrient elements including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for managing future fertilization regimes in agricultural ecosystem.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Soil microbial community dynamics during ryegrass green manuring and brassica biofumigation

    Tegg R.S.Doyle R.B.Hunt I.G.Wilson C.R....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The use of green manure and biofumigant crops within cropping rotations is a common practice for increasing soil fertility, organic carbon levels, improving soil aggregation and preventing erosion. These practices aim to increase the resilience of agricultural soils to degradation and protect important ecosystem services. However, knowledge of how soil microbial communities respond to biofumigation and green manuring at fine time scales is lacking, and this information is required to determine when organic amendments produce their maximum effect and how long their effects last. This study compared how a winter-grown ryegrass green manure (Lolium multiflorum, var. Tetila) and brassica biofumigant (Brassica juncea, var. Caliente 199) affected the bacterial, fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities of an intensively cropped temperate vegetable production soil. The aim was to determine the timing, magnitude and duration of ryegrass green manuring and brassica biofumigation's effects on the microbial community dynamics of the bulk soil. We analysed the soil microbial communities with high throughput amplicon sequencing of soil DNA extracts at key times within one growing season, focussing on the period around incorporation, to determine how the communities changed in response to the treatments. Ryegrass and biofumigant green manure crops both had significant effects on the soil microbial ecosystem, and the fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities were more responsive than the bacteria. Community change in the biofumigant and ryegrass treated plots was greatest in the weeks immediately after incorporation and slowly receded with time. However, the fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities of all treatments remained significantly different to each other at the end of the experiment 35 weeks post-incorporation. We also found that soil pH was variable across the site and strongly related to differences in bacterial, fungal and eukaryote community structure.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impact of diversification and intensification of crop rotation (DICR) in soil bacterial microbiota in on-farm study after four and seven years

    Frene J.P.Gabbarini L.A.Wall L.G.Figuerola E....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.No-till agricultural diversification and intensification of crop rotations (DICR) effects on soil biological properties were studied in an on-farm study. DICR stands for increasing soil cultivation period and consequent reduction of fallow times by using different winter and summer crops, including cover crops, in two and three-year rotation schemes. Five different levels of DICR were tested -typical local rotation, intermediate rotation, high intensification with grasses, high intensification with legumes, and a continuous multispecies pasture-, and replicated at three different agricultural farms situated in the Argentinean Pampa. The soils were analyzed at four and seven years after DICR started. The on-farm studies were established at each site in a plot of ca. fifty hectares with a typical local rotation history and evaluated after four and seven years of changes. The impact on prokaryotic soil communities was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, the sustained DICR showed a progressive effect with reduced Bray-Curtis dissimilarities at second sampling. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, BCR1, and WS3 increased with the level of DICR while Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, OD1, and TM7 showed the opposite trend. Selected taxa based on LEfSe detection were associated with typical historical rotation after the four years and pasture after the seven years, expressing the cumulative effect of DICR. Bacterial communities' structures were associated with plant stubble and crop yield. Understanding how more sustainable practices such as DICR shift the soil microbiota can assist in designing agricultural systems that increase soil health, C sequestration, and crop yield.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The impacts of tropical mound-building social insects on soil properties vary between taxa and with anthropogenic habitat change

    Tuma J.Fayle T.M.Frouz J.Vesela H....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Ants and termites reach high abundances in the tropics and substantially affect the environment through a range of their activities. Because of foraging and decomposition of organic matter at their nesting sites, these locations show fundamentally altered soil properties compared to the adjacent soil. However, such changes are typically studied only within one species or taxon and in one habitat type. Consequently, it is not clear how these effects vary across different taxa and in relation to anthropogenic habitat change. In this study we assess the impacts of different mound-building taxa across a gradient of tropical habitat change in SE Asia comprising primary forest, logged forest and oil palm plantation. To do this we analysed chemical soil properties of mounds of multiple taxa of social insects, with some taxa spanning the full habitat change gradient, and where taxa differ in their mound construction type. Our results show that soils in mounds and adjacent soils have consistently different properties. However, these patterns differ both between social insect taxa and across habitat types. Specifically, mounds of soil-feeding termites Dicuspiditermes spp. were substantially enriched in basic soil nutrients such as C, N, P, especially in oil palm, while mounds of the leaf litter-feeding termite Macrotermes gilvus were depleted. Ant mounds did not show a clear pattern. This indicates that different social insect taxa in a particular habitat affect soil properties in differing ways, and furthermore that such impacts can change when a habitat is anthropogenically altered. Our research highlights the importance of termites for driving the heterogeneity of soil properties and nutrient redistribution across tropical landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of applying maize stover on soil diazotroph community diminish with depth

    Chen K.Li M.Luo P.Yang J....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a vital approach to replenishing soil nitrogen (N) pools by converting atmospheric N2. Agronomic practice of growing legumes frequently includes stover return, which generally induces the growth of N2-fixers (i.e., diazotrophs) and stimulates BNF; however, there is uncertainty regarding the stover return effects along soil depth. Here, soil samples were collected from 0 to 10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) field experiment (established in 2013) comprising treatments with no fertilizer (CK), maize (Zea mays) stover (MS), and MS + chemical fertilizers (SNPK). The abundance of 16S rRNA and nifH genes was determined by real-time PCR, the rate of N2 fixation in soil (RNfix) was measured by acetylene reduction assay, and diazotroph community structure was explored by high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that maize stover application alone increased nifH gene abundance in the 0–10 cm layer, and combined with chemical fertilizer application increased RNfix in the 0–20 cm layers, affecting diazotroph community structure succession in the 0–20 cm layers. This is consistent with the effects of stover on soil properties such as dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, soil organic matter (SOM) and carbon-to?nitrogen ratio, with SOM playing a dominant role in governing the abundance, structure and activity of diazotroph communities in the soil. In addition, total nitrogen (TN) was the key factor in shaping the vertical stratification of diazotroph community structure, the abundance of diazotrophs and bacteria as well as the structure and RNfix of the diazotroph community were highly correlated. This study demonstrated that maize stover incorporation caused significant positive changes in the vertical stratification of soil diazotroph communities; although these effects decreased with soil depth and were minor when stover was combined with chemical fertilizers, they still highlighted the crucial role of stover return in enhancing BNF in soil where legumes were present.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Land-use type strongly affects soil microbial community assembly process and inter-kingdom co-occurrence pattern in a floodplain ecosystem

    Yu Y.Shi Y.Li M.Wang C....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The floodplain ecosystem is crucial for facilitating or regulating regional ecological functions (biodiversity conservation, contamination filtration, soil erosion prevention, flood control and so on). The intensified use of floodplains may significantly influence the soil's potential to handle ecosystem functions by changing key biotic groups such as soil microbes. However, little is known about the response of soil microbial communities to land-use change in the floodplain. This study investigated the effect of land-use type on the community assembly process and co-occurrence network pattern of bacteria, fungi, and protists. Here, we investigated three land-use types: tender floodplain, farmland and fallow. We found that microbial composition and structure were more susceptible to land-use types rather than microbial diversity indexes. Microbial community structure was related to divergence in soil fertility. In tender floodplains and fallows, the contribution of stochastic processes to the assembly of bacteria, fungi and protist communities was higher than that of farmlands. Among the three land-use types, the tender floodplain had the most stable microbial network, whereas fallow had the least robust microbial network. Our results indicated that land-use types strongly affect soil microbial assembly processes and co-occurrence network patterns, which may provide a scientific foundation for sustainable management and conservation in floodplain ecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier