查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.TIFY proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, which play important role in multiple biological processes in plants. Here, seventeen TIFY genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were identified and could be divided into ZML (4 genes), JAZ (10 genes), TIFY (2 genes), and PPD (1 gene) subfamilies. TIFY family has various protein lengths (80aa-324aa) and gene exon numbers (2-11). In this study, phylogenetic tree, Ka/Ks ratio, and collinearity analysis provide more clues for the origin and evolution of the cucumber TIFY family. The prediction of protein interaction and cis-acting element reveal the function of TIFY family genes. RNA-seq data showed that all the TIFY genes respond to powdery mildew and downy mildew. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of JAZ subfamily genes was significantly changed when plants were infected by four common cucumber diseases (powdery mildew, downy mildew, gummy stem blight, and gray mold). In particular, CsJAZ1 and CsJAZ2 were regulated by four pathogens, indicating that these two genes might play important roles in plant immunity. In addition, the relative expression of CsJAZ8 was up-regulated, while the relative expression of CsJAZ9 was down-regulated in disease resistance response. This study provides further understanding for the cucumber TIFY family genes and reveals that JAZ genes play important roles in cucumber hormone transmission and plant defense.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Waterlogging conditions cause severe abiotic stress and reduce average yields in vegetable crops. Processing tomatoes are cultivated extensively worldwide, and are used in many food products. Recently, processing tomatoes have been cultivated in paddy fields in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Studies are needed to assess the responses of processing tomatoes to wet conditions. The goal of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of waterlogging injury, and to identify ways to mitigate wet injury in processing tomatoes. We used three cultivars in a two year pot experiment and a one year field experiment. Longer waterlogging treatments increased the severity of yield losses in both experiments. The waterlogging treatments initially caused reductions in fruit number and then in average fruit weight. The reductions in fruit number resulted from reduced fruiting ratios. The reductions in average fruit weight may have been triggered by multiple factors, including reductions in soil nutrients, reduced nutrient uptake due to hypoxia, and reductions in the photosynthetic rate. These results suggested that top-dressing with fertilizer after excess rain may help to mitigate yield losses. The waterlogging treatments also induced changes in fruit composition, with reduced water content and increased sugar/acid ratios. The responses to waterlogging treatment varied among cultivars, and we concluded that ‘Natsunoshun’ is a superior cultivar for cultivation in converted paddy fields that may become waterlogged after heavy rains.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a low-calorie leafy green containing a range of minerals and prebiotic carbohydrates. Thus, the inclusion of kale in diets worldwide could have multiple beneficial health effects to combat micronutrient malnutrition and obesity. Kale cultivars adapted to conventional production record higher yields than those grown in organic growing conditions. Additionally, significant differences in nutritional quality have been reported in kale cultivars and kale relatives depending on the growing season. This study aimed to determine which kale cultivars and relatives are best suited to produce under organic growing conditions in the fall. In a randomized design, 36 kale genotypes (13 cultivars and 23 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) germplasm) were grown under organic field conditions to determine adaptability, biomass, mineral, and prebiotic carbohydrate concentrations. Significant genotypic effects were noted for biomass, mineral nutrients, and prebiotic carbohydrates. Biomass ranged from 60–404 g/plant for cultivars and 73–506 g/plant for germplasm. A single serving of the cultivars grown in this study would provide a notable amount of the daily values of calcium (27–57%), zinc (3–7%), potassium (12–16%), magnesium (1%), manganese (104–217%), phosphorous (3–4%), iron (8–14%), and copper (4–6%). Total prebiotic carbohydrate concentrations ranged from 336 to 743 mg/100 g in cultivars and 502 to 1802 mg/100 g in germplasm. The germplasm contained significantly greater levels of the simple sugars glucose and fructose than the cultivars. The cultivars ‘Westlander,’ ‘Curly Roja,’ and ‘Scarlet’ were best adapted for fall organic production for biomass and mineral concentrations. The cultivars best adapted to organic production as identified by this study should focus on future research and breeding efforts emphasizing biomass, mineral nutrition, and prebiotic carbohydrate concentrations.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.This study presents an assessment of seasonal variation of biochemical traits for twenty one eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) hybrids. Data of five traits, ascorbic acid, total sugar, total anthocyanin, total phenolics content and total antioxidant capacity were recorded in kharif (August 2017– February 2018) and summer (February 2018 – June 2018) season and analyzed using univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PCA) analysis. Seasonal variations influenced expression of all traits, but the ranking of hybrids for total phenolics and anthocyanin content was very consistent between seasons. The highest phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity was observed during summer months, when monthly average temperature was highest of the year. Total antioxidant capacity of the hybrids varied from 3.42 to 9.77 μ mol trolox equivalent/g in summer season, which is a 2.9 fold difference and total phenolic contents ranging from 18.63 to 40.38 mg/100 g, a 2.2 fold difference. Overall results indicate that in future breeding program of H8 (Muktakeshi × Swarna Mani), all the five traits are important for primary selection under high temperature stress. H16 (BRBL-02 × BRBL-04) has potential for improvement of traits like, total phenolics content and total antioxidant capacity under high and low temperature conditions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xeu) is one of the etiological agents of bacterial spot of tomato (Bs), which is a devastating threat to tomato production worldwide. The emergence of Xeu field isolates showing resistance to agrochemicals, like copper-based bactericides, urged for developing new biocontrol strategies. Satureja montana essential oil (EO) has antimicrobial capacity against xanthomonads, and its combination with nanocarriers might benefit stability and controlled delivery in the field. The nanoclay montmorillonite (NMT) is a promising EO nanocarrier. This work aims to assess the impact of the S. montana's EO, NMT and the nanoformulation incorporating both (EO+NMT) on X. euvesicatoria's amount, and their effects in the pathosystem (Xeu-tomato) at a molecular and physiological level. Uninfected and infected tomato plants var. cerasiforme were treated with S. montana EO, NMT and EO+NMT. The S. montana's EO, NMT, and their EO+NMT combination were able to reduce the bacterial density and Bs symptoms. The treatment with NMT, alone or as carrier of EO (EO+NMT), also stimulated, in uninfected plants, the enzymatic antioxidant capacity and expression of some defense pathways, while EO alone induced an antioxidant effect. In infected plants, all treatments were able to downregulate key-transcripts of the oxidative, phenylpropanoid, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid pathways to levels close to those of the uninfected-untreated control. In infected plants, NMT treatment also increased the enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity through stimulating antiradical activity and catalase activity. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of NMT and S. montana EO as natural control agents of Xeu causing bacterial spot mainly due to their antibacterial capacity. These results indicate the potential to upgrading these natural compounds to new commercial products against Xeu. Furthermore, there is a potential for these products to be applied also as prophylactic treatments in field conditions.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Blackberries are widely used as a fresh fruit, while being highlighted as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant source. Polyploidization is considered as a valuable and fast breeding method to develop new cultivars with enhanced characteristics. In this research, a procedure was adapted in vitro to generate polyploid plants (3x, 4x, 6x and 8x) in seven genotypes assigned to five blackberry species, including Rubus sanctus (3 genotypes), R. hirtus, R. caecious, R. persicus and R. discolor. Nodal segments were cultured in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with oryzalin (0, 125, 250 and 375 mgL?1) or colchicine (0, 5, 10 and 15 mgL?1) for different durations (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Results of cytological analysis showed no significant differences between the ultimate effects of the two anti-mitotic agents (i.e. colchicine and oryzalin), whereas each species reacted differently to polyploidy induction. The best result was obtained in the R. sanctus genotype F (Sari), using 10 mgL?1 oryzalin for 48 h. Manipulative treatments led to the release of octaploid blackberry for the first time. A morphometric analysis of plant leaves showed that polyploidy affected the guard cells, increased the cell size and reduced cell count. The greenness, petiole length and chlorophyll content of leaves were significantly higher in the hexaploid R. sanctus genotype C (Lahijan), while the thickness and size of leaves were significantly larger and the spine length was significantly longer in the octaploid R. persicus. The developed in vitro procedure for polyploidy induction and detection is feasible and could be used as a promising tool to create blackberry cultivars with enhanced fruit characteristics, along with possible resistance to environmental stress.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Nano-fertilizers are new materials produced by means of nanotechnology and may soon replace conventional fertilizers. Nanomaterials including nanoparticles are characterized by rapid absorption and controlled delivery of nutrients in plants. In the current study, hydroxyapatite, i.e., calcium phosphate, nanoparticles (HAP NPs) were developed as a novel phosphorus nano-fertilizer and evaluated for the growth characters, essential oil content, and histological changes in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants. For comparison, the NPK fertilizer was used. The results showed that compared to the traditional form NPK, nano-HA at 0.5 and 1.0 g/L enhanced the growth character and essential oil production along with its major constituents during both cuts. The levels of rosemary oil components including α-pinene, eucalyptol, camphor, endo-borneol and verbenone were higher in the nano-fertilizer group than in the control group. Furthermore, the highest values of the stem diameter, fiber thickness, phloem tissue thickness, xylem tissue thickness, pith diameter of the stem and the midvein thickness and lamina thickness of the leaf were obtained with nano-fertilizer. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a nano-fertilizer showed great potential to improve the productivity of rosemary plants. This approach opens a new avenue for exploring nanomaterials as an alternative technology to traditional fertilizers used in medicinal and aromatic plant culture.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The authors regret to not provide the relevant data, including leaf size, leaf biomass, lesion diameter and ratio of trypan blue staining, in original Fig. 5B and C. In the original article, the RESULT on the original Fig. 5B and C showed that the overexpression of PpWRKY22 from P. persica could activate host defence against pathogen invasion with an adverse effect on plant growth. The images in original Fig. 5B and C were enough to support the results/conclusion, but we currently think that we must provide more relevant data, including leaf size, leaf biomass, lesion diameter and ratio of trypan blue staining, for absolutely confirming the dual effect of PpWRKY22 on defence induction and plant growth. The data are very helpful to readers to easily understand the importance of the balance between defence and its allocated costs, because the adverse effect should be highlighted when the inducible disease resistance has been triggered. The experiment of overexpression of PpWRKY22 in transgenic Arabidopsis using T3 seeds with a completely randomized design (CRD) with two replicates were re-conducted from October 6 to November 29 by Chunhong Li, Changyi Lei and Kaituo Wang. All methods in the experiments were applied according to the M&M section in original MS. The corrected Fig. 5 has only supplied the growth parameter, lesion diameter and staining ratio of overexpressor and Col-0 seedlings, and these data are conduce to fully confirming the dual effect of PpWRKY22 on defence induction and plant growth. The representative data from one replicate was used to draw the figure and are provided below (corrected Fig. 5). The four transgenic Arabidopsis lines as provided in corrected Fig. 5B were obtained from one replicate after 5 weeks of incubation, and the actural and staining leaves in corrected Fig. 5C were uniformed and captured from the exactly same leaves. As a consequence, the original Fig. 5 has been replaced by the corrected Fig. 5. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused and state that these additional data do not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Plant hormones are associated with many physiological aspects in fruit tree growth and fruit production. Since jasmonates (jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl ester of JA (MeJA)), which are oxylipins from linolenic acid, were found in plants including fruits, many physiological and molecular actions of jasmonates to regulate fruit development and stress tolerance from the environment in fruit production have been studied. Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a transporting and signaling substance for JA action in plants. In the JA signaling pathway, MYC transcription factors are key regulators, and the jasmonate-ZIM domain (JAZ) negatively affects MYC transcription factors in JA signaling. Jasmonates can promote anthocyanin production in fruit through the effects of MYB transcription factors. A chemically stable and practical compound in the field, the JA analog n-propyl dihydrojasmonate, has been developed to improve fruit coloration. Jasmonates interact with some other plant hormones. For example, the effects of jasmonates on ethylene metabolism and signaling differ with fruit growth stage. Jasmonate treatment before fruit maturation enhances ethylene production with ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes. In contrast, jasmonate treatment after fruit maturation decreases ethylene biosynthesis. Jasmonates can mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses from the environment, such as drought, salt, temperature, and disease. When fruit or a fruit tree encounters environmental stress, the stress quickly increases levels of jasmonates, which acts as a kind of elicitor. In fact, treatment of fruit with jasmonates decreased the severity of chilling injury during storage and inhibited fungal infection. This review discusses the usage and action mechanisms of oxylipins including jasmonates on fruit coloration, crosstalk with other plant hormones, and environmental stresses in fruit production.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The only native species of the Castanea genus in Europe is Castanea sativa Mill., a widespread and important multipurpose tree species in the Mediterranean area that provides fruit, wood and shelter for hives. With the aim of expanding the knowledge of the genetic variability of the chestnut species (wild trees and varieties) and promoting the traceability of local products, an analysis based on 16 SSRs was carried out on 630 single trees from Italy and Spain. 319 unique genotypes were identified. A Bayesian approach combined with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method revealed the existence of two genetically distinct groups of chestnuts: Cluster 1 (Spain) and Cluster 2 (Italy), with a clear separation between the cultivars from (northern and southern) Spain and from Italy. The results also confirmed a common genetic structure between chestnut populations from southern Spain and southern Italy, which is the result of historical events and long-term human impact. The results showed no genetic differentiation between chestnut cultivars (grafted trees) and wild chestnut trees, probably as a consequence of the proximity of orchards and natural populations, which resulted in a gene flow between them.
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