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Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]
Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers

Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor]

0957-5820

Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers/Journal Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers
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    Life cycle and economic assessments of petroleum refineries wastewater recycling using membrane, resin and on site disinfection (UF-IXMB-MOX) processes

    Fallah HashemiHassan HashemiAlireza Abbasi
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要： The use of treated effluent as a sustainable, reliable, and accessible source of water supply is a critical factor influencing water use in industrial sectors like petroleum refineries. The purpose of this study is to document the life cycle and economic assessment of an integrated ultrafiltration, ion exchange, and multioxidant (UF-IXMB-MOX) treatment system in the recycling of refinery effluent. The effluent was used to supply makeup water in cooling towers at the Kermanshah oil refinery, Iran from April to December 2018. For the life cycle analysis, eight environmental indicators, including ozone-depleting potential (ODP), global warming (GW), greenhouse gases (GHG), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), health effects (HE), environmental toxicity potential (ETP) and photochemical oxidation potential (POCP) were considered for four groups influencing the selection of a treatment method, including electricity consumption (EC), raw materials, condensed effluent (concentrate) and construction. Results of the economic analysis show that the initial investment for the launch of this treatment system was estimated at $255,750. Considering the fixed and variable annual costs, the cost of regenerating treated effluent was estimated at $0.24/m~3 of effluent, with the cost of chemicals contributing the most to annual costs. This scenario, with consumption of 0.08kWh/m~3, had the lowest energy consumption compared to other similar membrane-based methods. The electricity consumption in the formation of GHGs, GW, POCP, and health effects, and the role of condensed effluent produced in creating ETP in aquatic and terrestrial environments, had the highest environmental impact among the eight environmental indicators. Overall, results suggest that focusing on renewable energy and the use of chemicals with minimal economic and environmental impact can increase the efficiency of this process.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Green process for recovering indium and other precious metals from high-sulphur hot filter residues via sodium-hydroxide hydrothermal treatment

    Xiaodong TianLanxin XieYaoshan Li
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要： Indium (In) has vital applications in solar photovoltaic technology and light-emitting diodes. However, the resource for In production is low. Zinc smelting is an important source of In, but the average In recovery rate is only 20%. The annual economic loss due to the loss of In is as high as USD 199.7 million. In this study, a high-sulphur hot filter residue (HFR) was processed via sodium-hydroxide (NaOH) hydrothermal treatment (NAHT). By varying the amount of NaOH and using the dissolution exotherm of NaOH, sulphur element (S~0) in HFR was transferred to a liquid phase. Thus, In and other precious metals originally wrapped in S~0 were enriched in the slag phase (TLR). The In grade inTLR was as high as 1700 g/t, and the recovery rate was 99%. In addition, 10.94 g/t gold, 125.81 g/t silver, 15.18% zinc and 22.27% iron were incidentally recovered. The wastewater produced in the process showed better effects than industrial Na2S in flotation processes. Thus, NAHT is an effective green recovery technique for recovering In and other precious metals from HFR. Further, the recovered In can yield an annual revenue of USD 1,122,170 for the plant. Therefore, the treatment of HFR plays an important role in zinc hydrometallurgical smelting plants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    A review on role of process parameters on pyrolysis of biomass and plastics: Present scope and future opportunities in conventional and microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies

    Dadi V. SuriapparaoRavi Tejasvi
    28页
    查看更多>>摘要： Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical conversion platforms for biomass and plastics into value-added product resources. The products formation significantly varied with feedstock composition, pyrolysis parameters, and heating source. Hence, the objectives of this review article are to understand the role of type of feedstock, heating rate, reaction temperature, residence time, feedstock particle size, and type of pyrolysis reactor. In addition, the upgradation of bio-oil using physical and catalytic approaches has been analyzed. Co-pyrolysis and catalytic co-pyrolysis which promote the product properties through synergy are also investigated. The role of microwave heating with the help of a susceptor to promote product synthesis is discussed. The metal oxide and zeolite catalysts' role in the formation mechanism of hydrocarbons and oxygenates are studied. For the future scope, the studies related to pyrolysis-combustion combination, microwave hybrid heating, and continuous catalytic co-pyrolysis are promising approaches. To this end, this review bridges the research gap in the domain of pyrolysis process parameters, and waste valorization using microwave-assisted pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis, and catalytic co-pyrolysis technologies. Moreover, this review would further provide the way for the current issues related to effective biomass and plastic waste utilization.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Progress on compatibility issues of alcohols on automotive materials: Kinetics, challenges and future prospects- a comprehensive review

    V. Shenbaga MuthuramanAdamya PatelVemuluri Shreya
    31页
    查看更多>>摘要： Alcohol could be the biggest factor in the improvement of the world biofuel economy in the present century due to its excellent properties on par with petroleum products. The biggest concern in the commercialization of alcohols is their material compatibility issues with various metals due to acidic form, moisture absorption and oxygenated nature. This review has been made to summarize the operational difficulties of alcohol for automotive applications. In the first phase of the review, the chemical kinetics of alcohols on corrosive formations has been outlined. In the second phase of the review, the effect of low carbon alcohols on various metals that were used in automotive engines and the compatibility issues were discussed in detail. Further, the study has been outlined microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of metals. Several limitations of alcohol usage with automotive engine components are highlighted and possible remedies are also recommended for corrosion reduction. In the end, special attention has been on various corrosive inhibitors for alcohol applications with a variety of materials. The properties like diffusion, acidity, conductivity and electro-potential are more dominant factors in corrosive formation. The comprehensive review shows that the oxygenated form and moisture absorption ability are the pivotal factors in the material compatibility of alcohols. The studies are also recommended that butanol has better anticorrosive qualities among all alcohols due to its less affection for water. Further, it is also identified that polymer-based materials and high-density polyethylene are the most appropriate materials for alcohol-based fuel supply systems and proper concentration of corrosion inhibitors with alcohols is of high importance for long-term application also. Several possibilities for the improvement of materials compatibility of all alcohols are also suggested.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Solid particle deposition of indoor material combustion products

    G.V. KuznetsovA.O. ZhdanovaR.S. Volkov
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要： Heavy smoke emission during fires hampers evacuation of people and movement of rescue teams to a fire source. It is often pyrolysis and combustion products that cause deaths from fires in closed spaces. Fire sprinkler system activation does not always lead to efficient smoke deposition. Sometimes, a fire suppression liquid supply, on the contrary, deteriorates fire evacuation conditions. The study of smoke generation and deposition characteristics is an essential prerequisite for improving rescue technologies during fires. The purpose of this research was to define the characteristics of deposition of solid combustion product particles of a group of typical construction and finishing materials in closed spaces: wood, linoleum, rubber, etc. Solid particles (pyrolysis products) have been distributed by size and concentration. The smoke generation and extinction coefficients, as well as deposition rates of smoke aerosol particles with and without using water aerosol have been determined. The ranges of optical properties of smoke aerosol have been specified. The time of dispersed water impact on smoke aerosol was varied to evaluate its effect on the mass rate of deposition of solid combustion product particles. The characteristics of absorption of laser radiation with different wavelengths in flue gases have been defined to identify the most advantageous colors of reflector materials used to manufacture direction signs for the evacuation of people from the combustion zone.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    The effect of oxygen on the thermal stability and decomposition behaviours of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate for application using STA, ARC and FTIR

    Yin WangShang-Hao LiuChin-Lung Chiang
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要： The thermal decomposition and runaway reaction of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate ([Mmim]NO3), a typical nitrate IL, were studied by a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer (STA) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The STA results show that the thermal decomposition of [Mmim]NO3 is divided into two stages, and the decomposition behaviour is similar in nitrogen or oxygen. The experimental results under adiabatic conditions indicate that [Mmim]NO3 has higher T_(max) and P_(max) than other imidazolium ILs, which reflects the greater explosion hazard of [Mmim]NO3. The apparent activation energies of [Mmim]NO3 were 86 kJ/mol and 83 kJ/mol, as calculated by the F-W-O and K-A-S methods. The complete thermal decomposition gas products of [Mmim]NO3 were analyzed by thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and the gas released by thermal decomposition of [Mmim]NO3 does not react with oxygen. Therefore, the decomposition reaction of [Mmim]NO3 was not positively related to the concentration of oxygen, which indicated that [Mmim]NO3 could play an active role in the reactions in the presence of oxygen. The results of this study may provide theoretical and experimental basis for [Mmim] NO3 safety precautions in storage and transportation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Radiolytic degradation of levonorgestrel and gestodene: Performance and bioassays

    Juliana Mendonca Silva de JesusFlavio Kiyoshi TominagaAllan dos Santos Argolo
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要： This study reports the feasibility of ionizing sources (~(60)Co source and electron beam radiation) to degrade the progestins hormones levonorgestrel (LNG) and gestodene (GES) in synthetic solutions and real pharmaceutical wastewater (RPW). Doses of 0.5-100 kGy and dose rates of 2.5 and 10 kGy h~(-1) were applied. LNG was shown to be more recalcitrant than GES, with 90% removals achieved at doses around 7.7 kGy (LNG) and 1.6 kGy (GES) in model systems, with LNG showing greater reactivity with reducing species in γ-radiolyis, unlike GES. Furthermore, LNG removal remained around 60% in RPW at low doses, while more than 60% GES removal was observed for all doses. LNG and GES toxicities to Daphnia similis were absorbed dose-dependent, with low doses resulting in toxicity reductions of around 32% (LNG) and 42% (GES); in turn, high doses promoted a fourfold increase in toxicity, y-radiolysis reduced the cytotoxic character of LNG to NIH-3T3-L1 cells, while non-irradiated or irradiated GES solutions did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect. Finally, the estrogenic activity, evaluated by the YES assay, was dose-dependent for both progestins, which may be related to the evolution of transformation products formed by water radiolysis in each case, decreasing for high doses.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Biochar combined with ferrous sulfate reduces nitrogen and carbon losses during agricultural waste composting and enhances microbial diversity

    Xiangqun ZhengWeimin ChengPeizhen Chen
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要： This study investigated the effects of adding biochar, ferrous sulfate, and their combination during composting of pig manure mixed with straw to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen during agricultural waste composting. Four 100 L fermentation tank-scale experimental composting treatments were established: the additive-free control (CK), addition of 5% biochar (BC), addition of 5% ferrous sulfate (SF), and addition of 2.5% BC + 2.5% SF (BS). The transformation of carbon and nitrogen and the change characteristics of bacterial communities during composting of the four treatments were explored. BS significantly reduced NH3, N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions by 59.57%, 48.41%, 35.80%, and 32.25% compared with CK, respectively. The BS treatment showed lower carbon and nitrogen losses than the single additive treatment. BS treatment enhanced the diversity and richness of bacterial communities during composting. The redundancy and Pearson correlation analyses revealed that the composition of dominant species between treatments had significant differences in different compost periods (mesophile, thermophilic, and cooling periods). BS treatment significantly increased the abundance ratio of carbon sequestration and nitrogen retention communities, and it enhanced nutrient preservation by microbial metabolism. Therefore, the composite addition of biochar and ferrous sulfate is an effective method to reduce the loss of carbon and nitrogen during agricultural waste composting.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Different crop rotation patterns vary heavy metals behavior in soils under plastic sheds: Evidence from field research

    Zhiqiang CaoBinggan WeiLinsheng Yang
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要： Facility agriculture improves food supply worldwide. However, heavy metals accumulation in its soils under plastic sheds increases the contamination risk, and little is known about metal's behavior in soils under different rotation patterns. This study investigated total and available Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soils under plastic sheds from tomato-cropping (TCC), tomato-leaf vegetable rotation (TVC), tomato-melons rotation (TMC), and fruit-cropping (FIX). Results indicated that accumulations and bioavailability of Cd, Cu, and Zn were severe, and risks of tomato-based rotations were higher than FLC. Geo-accumulation index showed that accumulation of Cu and Zn in soils from TCC was the worst, and Cd in TVC was the highest. Principle-component analysis suggested Cu and Zn might be from manures. Linear regression analysis showed significant annual increases of total Cu and Zn in TCC; Cd in FLC and available Cd in TVC should be taken seriously. Different fertilizers and dry matter removal might be reasons for different behaviors of metals. The lowest amounts of both factors in FLC make its soils healthier. Tomato-based patterns should consider more intercropping and rational fertilization, and FLC might be an alternative. Proper fertilization and selection of rotation patterns can prompt soil health of facility farmlands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    A novel hybrid water quality forecast model based on real-time data decomposition and error correction

    Chollyong KangJinwon YuJusong Kim
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要： Accurate forecast for water quality is of great importance because it can support water resource management with the future information. In this research, we propose a novel hybrid model by using data decomposition, error correction, and machine learning. In our method, first, the initial forecast is obtained by a prediction model that uses improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) neural network. Next, a novel error correction framework, which is built by variational mode decomposition and BLSTM neural network, is used to improve forecast accuracy by correcting the initial forecast error. Water quality data of Poyang Lake, China is used to evaluate our model. Results indicate that our model shows highly accurate forecast performance for all of the 9 water quality datasets (the average of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 7 day-ahead forecast is 2.12%; 30 day-ahead forecast is 4.06%). In addition, our model outperforms the competitor models, particularly, compared to the prediction model without error correction framework, the average of MAPE is reduced by 33.33% for 7 day-ahead forecast; 30.48% for 30 day-ahead forecast. This research demonstrates that the proposed error correction framework is an effective tool to improve forecast accuracy for water quality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL