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Field Crops Research
Elsevier
Field Crops Research

Elsevier

0378-4290

Field Crops Research/Journal Field Crops ResearchSCIISTP
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    Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer inputs and plant populations for greener wheat production with high yields and high efficiency in dryland areas

    Li, ChaoWang, XingshuGuo, ZikangHuang, Ning...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Bridging yield gaps in staple crops is widely reported as a highly efficient means for improving grain production. However, changes in production efficiency and the environmental footprint remain less investigated when narrowing these gaps. In this study, we collected data from 299 wheat plots on the Loess Plateau of China to identify changes in nitrogen efficiency, nutrient balance, and environmental risks when narrowing the yield gaps. The low-yielding (L-gamma) and high-yielding (H-gamma) plots had an average yield gap of 1936 kg ha(-1) (33.5%) and nitrogen partial factor productivity gap of 10.3 kg kg(-1) (30.1%) that were simultaneously narrowed under similar fertilizer inputs. Optimizing sowing date improved spikes per m(2) (27.4%) and grains per head (12.9%), key measures to improving wheat grain yields. The high-yielding high-efficiency (H gamma LE) plots produced on average 43.0% and 14.6% higher nitrogen partial factor productivity and grain yield, respectively than the high-yielding low-efficiency (H gamma LE) plots. Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer inputs significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and maintained grain yield on Hy plots. Grain yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity gradually increased with year of cultivar release (1995-2019) (P < 0.05). However, soil organic matter, pH, available phosphorus, mineral nitrogen, and available potassium had no significant effect on grain yield or nitrogen use efficiency. The H Y H E plots had the lowest nitrogen surplus (25 kg N ha(-1)), phosphorus surplus (31 kg P ha(-1)), and greenhouse gas emissions (2327 kg CO2-eq ha(-1)) of the surveyed plots. In the Hy plots, moderate potassium fertilizer should be supplemented to balance wheat production. In conclusion, excellent cultivars and high plant density are key for bridging the yield gap between L-gamma and H-gamma plots. Optimizing fertilizer management could further promote H-gamma plots from low to high production efficiency. This research provides farmers with the knowledge and methods to sustainably bridge field-level yield gaps in dryland wheat production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Single midseason drainage events decrease global warming potential without sacrificing grain yield in flooded rice systems

    Perry, HenryCarrijo, DanielaLinquist, Bruce
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is an important part of global food security, yet it is also responsible for a significant portion of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4). Midseason drainage of flooded rice fields can decrease CH4 emissions, but the magnitude of CH4 reduction and its effect on grain yield are variable due to variation in the timing and soil-drying severity of drainage across studies. Therefore, in this two-year study, we aimed to quantify the effect of timing and severity of a single midseason drainage event on seasonal GHG emissions and grain yields, compared to a continuously flooded (CF) control. Treatments varied in terms of soil-drying severity (low, medium, and high, corresponding to approximately 5, 8, and 12 days of drying, respectively) and the timing of when drainage events occurred (between 34-49 and 45-59 days after seeding, or roughly between tillering and panicle initiation). Soil moisture parameters (perched water table, volumetric water content, gravimetric water content (GWC), and soil water potential), soil mineral nitrogen, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, grain yield, and yield components were all quantified. Midseason drainage reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 38-66%, compared to the CF control. Seasonal CH4 emissions decreased with increasing drain severity, and for every 1% reduction in soil GWC during the drainage period, seasonal CH4 emissions were reduced by 2.5%. The timing of drainage had no significant impact on CH4 emissions. Emissions of N2O were low (average = 0.035 kg N2O-N ha(-1)) and accounted for only 0.5% of the seasonal global warming potential (GWP) across all drainage treatments. Within each year, drainage did not significantly affect grain yield compared to the CF control. Additionally, midseason drainage reduced both GWP and yield-scaled GWP by approximately the same amount as seasonal CH4 emissions, as N2O emissions were minimal and yields were similar across treatments. These results indicate that midseason drainage may be a viable GHG mitigation practice in flooded rice systems with limited risk for yield reduction, however, this practice should also be further tested under a broad range of soil types and different environments to determine its widespread adoptability.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Weather-dependent relationships between topographic variables and yield of maize and soybean

    Leuthold, Sam J.Wendroth, OleSalmeron, MontserratPoffenbarger, Hanna...
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Weather and topography are two important drivers of spatial variability in crop yield, but interactions between these two factors remain poorly understood. To elucidate how spatial yield variability shifts in response to precipitation, we collected data from published literature that examined the yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) or soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) to elevation, slope, planar curvature, or profile curvature. From these studies, we extracted correlations between yield and topographic variables for 86 site-years. We assessed the response of yield-topography correlations to the spring and total growing season precipitation of each site-year. Averaged across all site-years, maize yield was negatively correlated to elevation and planar curvature while soybean yield was negatively correlated to slope. For maize, the correlations between yield and elevation, slope, planar curvature, and profile curvature increased from negative to positive with increasing growing season precipitation, whereas for soybean the correlations between yield and elevation and between yield and slope became more negative with increasing growing season precipitation. Spring precipitation was a better predictor of yield-topography correlations than growing season precipitation for soybean but not for maize. We conclude that maize and soybean generally yield higher in low-elevation and low-slope landscape positions, respectively, but the yield-topography relationships vary with precipitation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Does wet seeding combined with Sub1 varieties increase yield in submergence prone lowlands of West Africa?

    Devkota, Krishna PrasadFutakuchi, KoichiMel, Valere CesseHumphreys, E....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Early season flash flooding and submergence greatly impair rice production in the rainfed lowlands of West Africa. Here, rice establishment is by transplanting into puddled soil. Crops established during the early part of the rainy season are adversely affected by submergence, while delaying transplanting until the flood waters have receded results in the use of old seedlings and terminal drought stress. While the use of submergence tolerant (Sub1) rice varieties can greatly reduce the yield loss caused by 1-2 weeks of early season submergence, changing to wet seeding at the start of the rainy season may confer additional advantages. Elsewhere, wet seeding has been shown to enable more timely (earlier) crop establishment and more rapid early growth, and thus the potential to provide greater resilience to submergence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the performance of two Sub1 varieties developed for West Africa (FARO 66, FARO 67) under transplanted and wet seeded conditions, in comparison with the predominant local variety (WITA 9). On-station experiments were carried-out over three seasons (dry 2018, wet 2019, dry 2019) at Mbe Research Station of the Africa Rice Center, Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire. The fields were submerged for 1-2 weeks at 5-7 weeks after seeding, and the wet season crop was sown at the beginning of the rainy season. Yield of the Sub1 varieties was 1.1-4.5 t ha(-1) higher than that of WITA 9, depending on season and establishment method. Wet seeding resulted in much higher yields of WITA 9 than transplanting in the wet season, but yield of the Sub1 varieties was not affected by establishment method in any season. However, tiller survival and biomass production of the wet seeded Sub1 crops were less affected by submergence than the transplanted crops. Wet seeding also reduced labour requirement and cost, and increased profitability. Furthermore, establishment of the wet season crop at the beginning of the rainy season would facilitate intensification to two crops per year. Therefore, the adoption of Sub1 varieties, could enable significant progress towards the goal of self-sufficiency in rice production in West Africa. Combining Sub1 with wet seeding would provide further benefits in terms of increased profitability and resilience to flash flooding.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Machine learning for regional crop yield forecasting in Europe

    Paudel, DilliBoogaard, Hendrikde Wit, Allardvan der Velde, Marijn...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Crop yield forecasting at national level relies on predictors aggregated from smaller spatial units to larger ones according to harvested crop areas. Such crop areas come from land cover maps or reported statistics, both of which can have errors and uncertainties. Sub-national or regional crop yield forecasting minimizes the propagation of these errors to some extent. In addition, regional forecasts provide added value and insights to stakeholders on regional differences within a country, which would otherwise compensate each other at national level. We propose a crop yield forecasting approach for multiple spatial levels based on regional crop yield forecasts from machine learning. Machine learning, with its data-driven approach, can leverage larger data sizes and capture nonlinear relationships between predictors and yield at regional level. We designed a generic machine learning workflow to demonstrate the benefits of regional crop yield forecasting in Europe. To evaluate the quality and usefulness of regional forecasts, we predicted crop yields for 35 case studies, including nine countries that are major producers of six crops (soft wheat, spring barley, sunflower, grain maize, sugar beets and potatoes). Machine learning models at regional level had lower normalized root mean squared errors (NRMSE) and uncertainty than a linear trend model, with Wilcoxon p-values of 3e-7 and 2e-7 for 60 days before harvest and end of season respectively. Similarly, regional machine learning forecasts aggregated to national level had lower NRMSEs than forecasts from an operational system in 18 out of 35 cases 60 days before harvest, with a Wilcoxon p-value of 0.95 indicating similar performance. Our models have room for improvement, especially during extreme years. Nevertheless, regional crop yield forecasts from machine learning and aggregated national forecasts provide a consistent forecasting method across spatial levels and insights from regional differences to support important policy decisions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluating maize yield response to fertilizer and soil in Mexico using ground and satellite approaches

    Campolo, JakeOrtiz-Monasterio, IvanGuerena, DavidLobell, David B....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Crop management recommendations that are tailored to local conditions offer promise for improved farmer livelihoods, input use efficiency, and crop output. An important step towards achieving localized recommendations is to establish repeatable, low-cost approaches to diagnosing nutrient constraints. Satellite remote sensing is particularly attractive in this context for its ability to monitor crop conditions and provide yield estimates at much lower expenses than extensive field measurements. Here we evaluate nutrient constraints for maize yields in central Mexico by utilizing an extensive field dataset on soil properties, fertilizer practices, and yields that were collected as part of the MasAgro program. We also compare insights from satellite-based yield estimates to those derived from crop-cut yields. Overall we find strong positive associations between maize yields and fertilizer inputs for N, P, and K in farms at lower elevations, characterized by larger, commercial farms. In higher elevations where farms are typically smaller and use less responsive varieties, we still find significant but slightly less positive associations with N and P. In both regions, we observe significant negative associations between yield and soil pH, consistent with an unmet need for micronutrient fertilizers in the region. Satellitebased yields were able to reproduce the positive associations and large yield response to fertilizer N and P, but were not sensitive enough to detect significant effects of secondary factors, namely fertilizer K and soil pH. We conclude by suggesting specific interventions that could be experimentally tested in the region.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer increases rice yield and energy production efficiency under different mechanical rice production systems

    Li, LinWang, YifeiNie, LixiaoAshraf, Umair...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Increasing energy output and improving energy production efficiency is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of rice production systems in China. Present study assessed the energy input/output and its production efficiency for manual transplanted rice with manual broadcasting fertilizer (TR-MBF), mechanical pot-seedling transplanted rice synchronized with deep fertilization (MPST-DF), and mechanical hill direct-seeding rice synchronized with deep fertilization (MHDS-DF) in a three-year field experiment. Two rice cultivars i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan (YXYZ, inbred rice) and Wufengyou615 (WFY615, hybrid rice) were used to determine the energy input/output and production efficiency of each system. Results depicted that the MHDS-DF and MPST-DF treatment substantially improved the grain yield by 20.9% and 32.3% for WFY615 and YXYZ owing to enhanced total above-ground biomass (TAB) and leaf area index (LAI), respectively. Means across years and cultivars for energy input in the TR-MBF, MPST-DF, and MHDS-DF were remained 31918.0, 35267.1 and 36036.7 MJ ha-1, respectively. The energy consumed by diesel and fertilizer for energy inputs in the production system exceeds 70% of the total energy input. Moreover, the three rice production systems were highly dependent on non-renewable energy. The highest output energy and net energy were obtained for MHDS-DF and MPST-DF treatments with 221517.2 and 185670.0 MJ ha-1, respectively. Among the three rice production systems, the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity efficiency, energy profitability efficiency was found in MPST-DF, which was slightly higher than MHDS-DF. However, the human energy profitability efficiency of MHDS-DF treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Therefore, MHDS-DF and MPST-DF could be best alternative technologies than conventional rice production systems with improved energy input and energy production efficiency in South China. Furthermore, both MHDS-DF and MPST-DF would also be suitable in the regions with lack of labor force for rice production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Build-up and utilization of phosphorus with continues fertilization in maize-wheat cropping sequence

    Jagdeep-SinghBrar, B. S.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Long-term phosphorus (P) fertilization in the maize-wheat cropping system in northwest India has led to a considerable build-up of Olsen-P concentrations in many fields that exceed the crop removal. Optimal P management in high Olsen-P soils is desirable to achieve sustainable crop production and reduce the fertilizer P inputs and risk of P transfer to water bodies. This study aimed at finding the impact of fertilizer P applications on crop yield, P uptake, P use efficiency, and P balance (P input minus P output) from a 10 years study on maize-wheat sequence having contrastingly different Olsen-P levels. The results revealed no response to both maize and wheat to P application rates beyond 13 kg ha(-1) in 'very high' P (VHP) (>50.0 kg ha(-1)) soils and 26 kg ha(-1) in 'high' P (HP) (22.5-50.0 kg ha(-1)) and 'medium' P (MP) (12.5-22.5 kg ha(-1)) soils. P fertilization, significantly enhanced average maize P uptake by 8% and 26% and wheat P uptake by 5% and 18% in VHP soils relative to HP and MP soils. The improved agronomic and recovery P efficiencies were obtained in VHP soils by reducing fertilizer P to 50% of the recommended fertilizer P (26 kg P ha(-1)). Without P application, the average Olsen-P declined at the rate of 3.43 kg P ha(-1) year(-1) in VHP soils leading to the highest negative P surplus in these soils. P fertilization rates of 26 kg P ha(-1) or above caused soil P build-up in loamy sand soils irrespective of Olsen-P status, thereby increase soil P surplus ranging from 13.4 to 67.0 kg P ha(-1). Therefore, for attaining optimum yields and P use efficiency under intensively cultivated maize-wheat cropping sequence, long-term P balance, P availability in different Olsen-P soils should be undertaken while formulating P recommendations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Root physiological adaptations that enhance the grain yield and nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L) and their dependency on phosphorus placement depth

    Chen, XiaoyingLiu, PengZhao, BinZhang, Jiwang...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Root growth demonstrates a high degree of plasticity in response to spatial variations in the availability of vital nutrients, and P fertilizer placement depth affects the development and distribution of plant roots. Optimizing the spatial matching between soil nutrients and the roots of maize plants in order to improve their N and P uptake and utilization capacity is a potential measure for improving the grain yield from summer maize. The spatial distribution profile of N, P and roots in the soil, as well as the roots' absorption and utilization characteristics with respect to N and P and how these relate to the dry matter accumulation and grain yield formation were evaluated under four different placement depths of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm (labeled P-5, P-10, P-15, and P-20, respectively). Compared with the P-5 treatment, the P-15 treatment induced a larger root length density, as well as a larger rooting depth. That happened because a higher number of root cortical aerenchyma, combined with a larger cortical cell size, reduces the metabolic cost required to establish them, which drives regulation processes that result in the allocation of more biomass to root proliferation. It also helped plants to maintain a higher level of biomass and N and P accumulation during the later growth period, which in turn increased the N and P assimilation of grain and enhanced the grain yield by 22%, the P recovery efficiency by 74%, the P agronomic efficiency by 150%, and both the partial factor productivity of P and the partial factor productivity of N by 21%. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that placing P fertilizer at a depth of 15 cm promotes root growth by reducing the metabolic cost of having a higher number of mot cortical aerenchyma and a larger cortical cell size, and also that it improves the N and P absorption and utilization of roots and synergistically increases the grain yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of the whole plant.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Data-driven, early-season forecasts of block sugarcane yield for precision agriculture

    Han, Si YangBishop, Thomas Francis AloysiusFilippi, Patrick
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Australian sugar industry is heavily regulated for on-farm inputs due to nutrient-rich runoff which flows into the Great Barrier Reef. Variable rate application of N fertiliser allows sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) growers to optimise the use of limited resources and match crop needs in space and time. This study outlines an approach and the merits of a data-driven, site- and season-specific forecast of yield at the block (field) resolution, by using publicly available spatio-temporal data such as satellite imagery, radiometrics, weather, and terrain attributes, in tandem with commonly available grower and mill data, namely yield, ratoons, harvest dates. The study used harvest data collected from two sugarcane properties (380 ha) in the Isis District of Queensland, between 2007 and 2018. Yield forecasts were produced with random forest models at two key management points in the season; early- (1 December) and late-season (1 June). Using a robust leave-one-season-out cross-validation technique, sugarcane yield could be forecasted early-season with a Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.61 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 32.1 t ha(-1), with an improvement later in the season with 0.63 LCCC and 30.9 t ha(-1) RMSE. Accurate early-season forecasts of yield at fine spatial supports offers growers the opportunity to make better-informed decisions regarding crop nutrition. This leads to more targeted and accurate applications of fertiliser, improving on-farm profitability, and critically decreasing off-site environmental damage to the Great Barrier Reef. The cost-effective, widely-applicable and scalable forecasting approach described in this case study could be expanded to a regional or industry scale, providing benefits to all industry stakeholders.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier