Kenneally, CiaraMurphy, Craig P.Sleator, Roy D.Culligan, Eamonn P....
19页
查看更多>>摘要：The discovery of microbial communities in the urinary tract (the urobiome) has fundamentally altered the previous doctrine regarding urine sterility and associated urinary disorders. Recent advances in culturing and culture-independent DNA sequencing technologies have characterised the resident microbial community in the urobiome, and has, in turn, demonstrated how community imbalances potentially contribute to infection and disease. As we enter a post-antibiotic era, the effectiveness of standard antimicrobial treatments against multidrug resistant (MDR) uropathogens is vastly diminished. Preliminary research is accumulating surrounding microbiome-based therapies, and their potential as non-antibiotic therapeutics. In this context, the urobiome is significantly underexplored, and knowledge regarding the fundamental role of its constituents is lacking. Herein, we review the current state of the art concerning the urobiome; specifically, how it impacts health and disease states, in the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Furthermore, we discuss the development of novel biological therapeutics that may have the potential to provide significant advancements in UTI therapy, with a particular focus on bacterial interference, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriocins, and bacteriophage.
查看更多>>摘要：The rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae differentiates into an infection structure, called an appressorium, for plant penetration. The process of appressorium formation requires the transformation of polarized growth to isotropic growth, while penetration requires the opposite growth transformation from isotropic to polarized. Polarized growth requires coordinated organization of cytoskeletal elements, such as microtubule and actin. We identified PoTea1, a homolog of Tea1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and characterized its roles in P. oryzae. After PoTEA1 deletion, Delta Potea1 displayed slowed hyphal growth, decreased sporulation, increased hyphal branches, abnormal two-celled spores, and reduced plant penetration and virulence. During appressorium formation, Delta Potea1 developed a long germ tube with a small appressorium, leading to delayed appressorium differentiation and reduced glycogen and lipid droplet degradation. Delta Potea1 is defective in cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK pathways. PoTea1 localized at hyphal tips and appressoria as bright dots and was highly dynamic during appressorium formation. PoTea1 formed a complex with itself by self-assembly that was highly dependent on its kelch motif. The coiled-coil motif C2 of PoTea1 is involved in self polymerization and appressorium formation. Benomyl and latrunculin A, two cytoskeleton inhibitors, disturbed the stable localization of PoTea1 at vegetative hyphal tips. We speculate that PoTea1 functions in appressorium formation and virulence by mediating cell polarity in P. oryzae.
查看更多>>摘要：Symbiotic interactions play a crucial role in the phosphate (Pi) nutrient status of the host plant and offer resilience during biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite a competitive behavior of arsenic (AsV) with Pi, Serendipita indica association promotes plant growth by reducing arsenic bioavailability in the rhizosphere. Reduced arsenic availability is due to the adsorption, accumulation, and precipitation of arsenic in the fungus. The present investigation focused on the fitness and performance of Pi acquisition and utilization in S. indica for growth and metabolism under arsenic stress. The fungus accumulates a massive amount of arsenic up to 2459.3 ppm at a tolerable limit of arsenic supply (1 mM) with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF) 32. Arsenic induces Pi transporter expression to stimulate the arsenic acquisition in the fungus. At the same time, Pi accumulation was also enhanced by 112.2 times higher than the control with an increase in poly-P (polyphosphate) content (6.69 times) of the cell. This result suggests arsenic does not hamper poly-P storage in the cell but shows a marked delocalization of stored poly-P from the vacuoles. Furthermore, an enhanced exopolyphosphatase activity and poly-P storage during arsenic stress suggest induction of cellular machinery for the utilization of Pi is required to deal with arsenic toxicity and competition. However, at high arsenic supply (2.5 and 5 mM), 14.55 and 22.07 times reduced Pi utilization, respectively, was observed during the Pi uptake by the fungus. The reduction of Pi uptake reduces the cell growth and biomass due to competition between arsenic and phosphate. The study suggests no negative impact of arsenic on the Pi acquisition, storage, and metabolism in symbiotic fungus, S. indica, under environmental arsenic contamination.
Kim, EiseulKim, DayoungYang, Seung-MinKim, Hae-Yeong...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：The Lactobacillus acidophilus group consists of seven closely related species. Among these, Lb. acidophilus, Lb. gallinarum, and Lb. helveticus help maintain gut health and are used as a starter for fermented food. However, these species are difficult to differentiate using conventional methods due to the high similarity between the 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes. Thus, in this study, we selected biomarker genes to identify and discriminate the three species via pangenome analysis, and a multiplex SYBR Green real-time PCR that can be detected simul-taneously in a single tube was developed. Pangenome analysis revealed three specific target genes: mucus-binding protein precursor to detect Lb. acidophilus, an amino acid ABC superfamily ATP binding cassette transporter carrier protein to detect Lb. gallinarum, and selenocysteine lyase to detect Lb. helveticus. The speci-ficity was robustly verified using 26 Lb. acidophilus group strains and 62 other strains. The detection limits were 10(1) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml in pure culture. As per our findings, the developed method satisfactorily monitored Lb. acidophilus group species in probiotic and dairy products. This result suggests that real-time PCR based on specific targets provides a promising approach for the rapid, accurate, and sensitive identification of these three species.
查看更多>>摘要：Over the decades, rapid nucleic acid detection has been difficult for scientists, especially in microbiology, biotechnology and immunology. Most technologies are finite in sensitivity, specificity or both. Early diagnosis of disease allows swift response, disease monitoring and control of the rapid spread of the disease. However, limited access to test kits, specialized laboratory equipment, and the need for highly skilled personnel has led to a detection downshift. CRISPR-based diagnostic techniques, based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), have recently altered molecular diagnosis. This modern technology is combined or paired with other methods like SHERLOCK, DETECTR, HUDSON, CDetection and so on to detect viruses, bacteria infection and other pathogenic agents, due to its precision and versatility, it can also detect diseases directly from patient samples. Rapid, sensitive, accurate and advanced molecular techniques are much needed since they soothe researchers in diagnosis and detection, and can also be employed in therapeutic treatments. In this review, detailed CRISPR Cas variants were discussed, emphasizing the use of CRISPR system as a tool in diagnostics and nucleic acids detection and the benefits of this robust tool over other amplification methods.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Trichoderma reesei has extraordinary potential for high-level protein production at large scales, and it need to be further explored through genetic engineering tools to obtain a thorough understanding of its cellular physiology. Understanding the genetic factors involved in the intrinsic regulatory network is crucial; without this information, there would be restrictions in expressing genes of interest. Past and present studies are concentrated on the application and expansion of novel expression systems using synthetic biology concepts. These approaches involve either using previously established promoters that are strong or genetically engineered promoters. Genomic and transcriptomic methods have also been employed to isolate strong promoters and expression systems such as light-inducible expression systems, copper-inducible expression systems, L-methionine inducible promoters, and Tet-On expression system etc. Aims of review: In this review, we will highlight various research endeavors related to tunable and constitutive promoters; the role of different promoters in homologous and heterologous protein expression; the identification of innovative promoters, and strategies that may be beneficial for future research aimed at improving and enhancing protein expression in T. reesei. Key scientific concepts of the review: The characterization of new promoters and implementation of novel expression systems that will result in a significant extension of the molecular toolbox that is accessible for the genetic engineering of innovative strains of T. reesei. Genetically engineered strong inducible promoters such as Pcbh1 through replacement of transcriptional repressors (cre1, ace1) with transcriptional activators (xyr1, ace2, ace3, hap2/3/5) and synthetic expression systems can result in elevated production of endoglucanases (EGLs), beta-glucosidases (BGLs), and cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). Strong constitutive promoters such as Pcdna1 can be converted into genetically engineered synthetic hybrid promoters by integrating the activation region of strong inducible promoters, which can allow the induction and expression of cellulases even on repressing media. More efforts are necessary to identify innovative promoters and novel expression strategies for the enhanced expression of desirable proteins at industrial scales.
查看更多>>摘要：Polyextremophilic, hydrocarbonoclastic Pseudomonas aeruginosa san ai can survive under extreme environmental challenges in the presence of a variety of pollutants such as organic solvents and hydrocarbons, particularly aromatics, heavy metals, and high pH. To date, the metabolic plasticity of the extremophilic P. aeruginosa, has not been sufficiently studied in regard to the effect of changing carbon sources. Therefore, the present study explores the carbon metabolic pathways of polyextremophilic P. aeruginosa san ai grown on sodium benzoate versus glucose and its potential for aromatic degradation. P. aeruginosa san ai removed/metabolised nearly 430 mg/L of benzoate for 48 h, demonstrating a high capacity for aromatic degradation. Comparative functional proteomics, targeted metabolomics and genomics analytical approaches were employed to study the carbon metabolism of the P. aeruginosa san ai. Functional proteomic study of selected enzymes participating in the beta-ketoadipate and the Entner-Doudoroff pathways revealed a metabolic reconfiguration induced by benzoate compared to glucose. Metabolome analysis implied the existence of both catechol and protocatechuate branches of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. Enzymatic study of benzoate grown cultures confirmed the activity of the ortho- catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. Even high concentrations of benzoate did not show increased stress protein synthesis, testifying to its extremophilic nature capable of surviving in harsh conditions. This ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa san ai to efficiently degrade benzoate can provide a wide range of use of this strain in environmental and agricultural application.
查看更多>>摘要：Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) is one of the most promising bacteria for plant growth promotion (PGP) without harmful side effects. As an excellent agent for biofertilizer and biocontrol in agriculture, the PGP mechanisms of BA have been studied extensively. However, these studies have been rarely summarized, although it could hinder a better understanding of BA strains' potential mechanisms and application in agriculture and other fields. Hence, we reviewed in this work the PGP mechanisms of BA and the current limits of BA application in agriculture. First, BA can improve soil nutrient availability, including improving nitrogen supply, solubilizing phosphate and potassium, and producing siderophores. Second, BA can change the soil microbial community and improve the availability of minerals and plant growth conditions. Third, BA can secrete hormones and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with plant cell growth and root development and further improve nutrient uptake by plants. Fourth, BA can enhance plant resistance against biotic stresses from soil pathogens through competition of niches and nutrients, producing substances such as cyclic lipopeptides, polyketides, and VOCs to antagonize pathogens directly, and induction of system resistance of the plants. Similarly, inoculation with BA can promote plant growth by inducing systematic tolerance to abiotic stresses by leading to genetic, chemical, and physical changes in the host plant. We further suggested that, in future studies, more attention should be paid to nutrient uptake mechanisms of plants with advanced techniques in different soil conditions and fields.
NSTL
Elsevier