Muthalagu, AkilaDelsuz, Mohammad S.Levi, MichaelKippler, Maria...
1.1-1.11页
查看更多>>摘要：Exposure to metals and microorganisms can pose health risks. Historical books often contain pigments with metals, and fungi. The aim of this study is to obtain knowledge about exposure to eight metals and microorganisms in a library in Denmark. Personal exposure of staff handling historical books (high-exposure group) and indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in three well-ventilated sites of a library. Urine samples were collected the next morning from the high-exposure group, a low-exposure group (colleagues not handling historical books), and a reference group. Eight metals were measured in air and urine samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Bacteria and fungal species were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Personal exposure to metals was higher than in stationary indoor and outdoor air samples, particularly for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), and some were spread to the indoor air. Personal exposure to As, Cd, and Hg showed a significant correlation with Pb levels. The overall indoor/outdoor ratio of personal exposure exceeded 1 for all metals except antimony (Sb) indicating potential indoor source. Additionally, Cd and As concentrations in some urine samples exceeded Biological Limit and Guidance Values. Most fungal species detected belonged to Aspergillus and Penicillium, and eight species are xerophilic. In conclusion, library staff were exposed to higher concentrations of metals as compared to outdoor air, warranting further research across different tasks and days for staff handling historical books to understand these risks better.
Rosen, Emma M.Crawford, LoriHoffmann, SebastianSkidmore, Becky...
1.1-1.18页
查看更多>>摘要：Background: While some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are immunosuppressants, whether they have an adverse effect on infectious disease morbidity is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic data on the association between an incremental increase in serum concentration of any of 12 PFAS and the risk or rate of infectious disease (ID). Methods: From 25 reports representing 18 unique study populations, we conducted meta-analyses stratified on exposure type (log-transformed or absolute scale) and outcome type (risk or rate). To synthesize data that could not be combined with meta-analysis due to different exposure or outcome types, we additionally conducted vote counting and calculated combined p-values. Results: A small positive association between PFAS exposure and ID risk or rate was more frequently reported than not, though in the synthesized data statistical significance was present only in a few instances. The metaanalyses and combined p-value analyses had many similar findings. In the combined p-value analyses, statistically significant positive associations were noted between Perfluorononanoic acid and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) event rates, Perfluorooctanesulfonamide and LRTI event rates and LRTI risk and rates combined, Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorodecanoic acid with all ID risk and rates combined, and Perfluoroundecanoic acid with all ID risk. Conclusion: We identified moderate evidence of positive associations that were of variable size but usually small; the certainty of evidence was, however, generally low or very low and diminished by the possible influences of multiple testing and covariance among results not accounted for in the analyses. Prospero registration: CRD42024551990.
查看更多>>摘要：The purpose of this study was to determine how well KN95 respirators, marketed for children, fit the faces of children aged 6-13 years old in two urban sites with elevated levels of air pollution: Kathmandu, Nepal and Bandung, Indonesia. The wearability of the tested respirators and the children's style preferences were also assessed. Sixty children, 30 in each country, were recruited and were fit tested with three different ear loop respirators in two combinations (with and without an additional adjustable ear loop clip worn around the head). The fit factor for each respirator was determined using a modified fit test protocol for filtering face piece respirators using a TSI PortaCountTM Respirator Fit Tester 8048. Facial dimensions were measured using callipers. The wearability of the respirators and children's style preferences were assessed through questionnaires administered after the fit tests. Most fit factors were less than 10, i.e. less than 90 % reduction in exposure. In both countries, using an additional ear loop clip was associated with increases in fit factor of 42 and 50 % for Indonesian and Nepalese respirators, respectively. There were no significant differences among the respirators for any of the perceptions: comfort, feeling hot, breathability, fit, embarrassment or appearance for either country. The appearance of the respirator was important to the children. Although the use of an additional ear loop clip improved the fit, the respirators were generally too large for the children's faces to achieve a good fit. Respirators marketed for children should be better designed to suit their facial dimensions.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and cardiovascular disease (CVD) hospitalizations. Methods: A time-series analysis was conducted using data from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study cohort of 3454 residents (1880 women) aged 50-70 from District 13 of Tehran. Follow-up data from January 1999 to March 2018 were analyzed. Daily mean temperatures and air pollution levels (CO, O3, PM10, NO2, and SO2) were recorded, and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) assessed the lagged effects on outcome. Results: Over a median follow-up of 14.7 years, 2200 CVD hospitalizations occurred among 3454 participants (mean age 58.7 years, women = 1880). Among the general population, the DLNM models indicated that PM10 concentrations at 73 mu g/m3 was associated with a 12 % increased risk of the outcome, with an RR of 1.12 (95 % CI: 1.01-1.24), and higher PM10 levels corresponded to increasing RRs. PM10 indicated a short-term exposure effect at 1-day lag on the outcome risk. SO2 concentrations reached significance at 24 mu g/m3, with an RR of 1.06 (95 % CI: 1.04-1.07); the effect persisted up to 65 mu g/m3, with an increased risk of the outcome observed at a 6day lag. CO showed the highest RR of 1.92 (95 % CI: 1.65-2.23) for the concentration of 5 mg/m3. Exposure to CO was linked to an increased risk of the outcome with a 1-day lag. Sex as well as presence of metabolic syndrome and CKD did not modify the association between air pollutants with the outcome. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to PM10, SO2 and CO significantly increased risk of CVD hospitalization.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), understanding the burden of typhoid disease has been challenging as clinical surveillance based on blood culture data alone often poorly represents the community burden. Underreported cases, unclear case definitions, the presence of a chronic carrier state and emerging antimicrobial resistance necessitate alternative approaches to assess disease prevalence and target public health interventions, such as vaccine introduction. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) in measuring the prevalence of typhoid infection in Indonesia. Methods: Between October 11, 2022, and August 31, 2023, WES was conducted in 18 locations across 3 districts in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Samples were collected fortnightly from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), manholes, a river, and public spaces, using grab and passive sampling methods. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) detection was conducted using quantitative PCR for S. Typhi genes (ttr, tviB, and staG - all positive). Results: Of the 406 samples collected, 13 % (51/406) tested positive for S. Typhi, with monthly positivity rates ranging from 2 % (1/51) in March 2023 to 47 % (16/34) in October 2022. Mean concentrations (in log10) in ttr, tviB, and staG in grab samples were 0.67 (SD +/- 0.99), 0.23 (SD +/- 1.14), and -0.11 (SD +/- 1.05). The highest detection rates were observed in samples from the river compared to central WWTPs (OR 12.68; 95 % CI 2.03-79.20, P = 0.007). No correlation was observed between rainfall and S. Typhi gene detection (P > 0.05 for all genes). Conclusion: WES is feasible in Indonesia and can be used to monitor typhoid disease burden in an endemic region. High positivity rates from the river and septic tanks in traditional markets support a broad approach to sampling in LMICs where formal wastewater management systems may not accurately represent community disease prevalence due to its low population coverage. WES can be a valuable tool to inform public health responses, including vaccine introduction.
查看更多>>摘要：Introduction: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in ambient air pose significant health risks for residents near petrochemical facilities. However, limited research has investigated the correlation between BTEX exposure and urinary metabolites in children. This is the first study to determine this association among primary school children near petrochemical industrial parks (PIPs) in Taiwan. Methods: Between October 2019 and December 2020, 1295 children from 20 primary schools near PIPs were recruited. Morning midstream urine samples were collected, and urinary BTEX metabolites concentrations were analyzed using isotope dilution and modified liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ambient BTEX at the schools was measured using 6-L stainless-steel canisters over three consecutive days before urine collection, following US EPA Method TO-15. Multivariate linear regression was employed to assess the relationship between ambient BTEX and urinary metabolites. Results: The mean ambient BTEX concentrations were 0.44, 5.17, 0.21, and 0.75 ppb, respectively. Geometric mean urinary concentrations of S-phenyl mercapturic acid (SPMA), benzyl mercapturic acid (BMA), phenyl glyoxylic acid (PGA), and methyl hippuric acids (MHAs) were 0.18, 6.63, 214.01, and 178.33 mu g/g creatinine, respectively. Children within 1 km of PIPs exhibited significantly higher SPMA (0.21 mu g/g creatinine) and BMA (6.67 mu g/g creatinine) levels. A positive correlation was observed between ambient benzene levels and urinary SPMA (beta = 0.19, p = 0.017). Conclusions: The study reveals that children attending schools within 1 km of PIPs face higher benzene exposure. This comprehensive research highlights elevated BTEX levels and urinary metabolites, emphasizing the need for monitoring and safeguarding vulnerable children.
Wang, YutingAnderson, Elizabeth C.Howe, Caitlin G.Gui, Jiang...
1.1-1.10页
查看更多>>摘要：Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been associated with increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, but whether PFAS influence blood pressure (BP) trajectories among normotensive pregnant women is unknown. We examined associations between PFAS mixtures and BP trajectories during pregnancy among normotensive women. PFAS concentrations, including perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), were measured in plasma collected at similar to 28 gestational weeks among pregnant women enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (2009-2018). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were abstracted from pregnancy medical records. We identified BP trajectories using latent class trajectory modeling and evaluated associations between PFAS mixtures and BP trajectories using probit Bayesian kernel machine regression and multinomial quantile g-computation. We used linear mixed models to examine individual PFAS and BP changes during the third trimester. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, and gestational week of blood sample collection. During late pregnancy, plasma PFOS was associated with greater increases in SBP and PFHxS was associated with greater increases in DBP. Over the third trimester, each doubling in plasma PFOS was associated with 0.07 mmHg (95% CI: -0.01, 0.14) increase per week in SBP, and each doubling in plasma PFHxS was associated with 0.07 mmHg (95% CI: 0.02, 0.12) increase per week in DBP. Our study provides additional evidence suggesting that PFAS may adversely influence blood pressure even among normotensive women.
Deen, LauraHougaard, Karin SorigMeyer, Harald WilliamSejbaek, Camilla Sandal...
1.1-1.8页
查看更多>>摘要：Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial chemicals commonly found in food and building materials. PCBs are immunotoxic and may disturb the fetal programming of the immune and respiratory systems. We evaluated the association between maternal PCB exposure in indoor air and asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema, and respiratory infections in the offspring in the Health Effects of PCBs in Indoor Air (HESPAIR) cohort. This registerbased study examined 7982 children born to mothers residing in two partially PCB contaminated residential areas in Greater Copenhagen before and/or during pregnancy. Children were included if their mothers at any point had lived in a contaminated or uncontaminated apartment in the period from 3.6 years prior to conception until the date of birth. PCB exposure was defined as mothers' number of years in an apartment prior to birth of the child multiplied with the PCB concentration in indoor air based on air measurements. Information on the outcomes was retrieved from the Danish health registers from 1977 to 2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios using Cox regression. Our main analyses revealed no association between maternal exposure to PCBs in indoor air and any of the studied allergic and respiratory outcomes. Findings of sensitivity analyses were consistent with main analyses. While these findings may appear reassuring for the considerable number of people living or working in PCB contaminated indoor environments, they should be interpreted with caution due to the indirect measure of exposure, incomplete registration of diagnoses, and lack of supporting evidence from comparable studies.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between exposure to one chemical mixture type and thyroid function in pregnant women; however, the combined impact of coexposure to two or more chemical mixture types is limited. Additionally, age-specific studies are insufficient. Objectives: This study aimed to confirm the relationships between coexposure to nine per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and heavy metals (HMs) mixtures and thyroid function in pregnant women in different age groups, and to explore the potential role of hemoglobin in these association. Methods: A total of 156 pregnant women from a cross-sectional study at one hospital in Liaoning Province, China, were included in this study. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry were used to measure the levels of PFAS and HMs, respectively, in cord blood. Generalized linear regression (GLR), quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were performed to assess the individual and combined effects of PFAS and HMs on thyroid hormones levels. Furthermore, mediation analyses were used to estimate whether these combined effects were mediated by hemoglobin levels. Results: Mixed analysis revealed that coexposure to nine PFAS and HMs was negatively correlated with FT3 in the GLR, qgcomp, WQS and BKMR models for all participants, and similar results were obtained for the nonadvanced age group. Single analysis explored significantly negative associations between exposure to Co, Ba or Pb and FT3 levels in all participants by GLR analysis. In the nonadvanced age groups, further single analysis explored that PFOA was significantly and negatively associated with FT3 by GLR and BKMR analysis, and contributed most substantially (PIP = 0.90). It also had the largest negative weight (0.36) by further qgcomp analysis. Moreover, hemoglobin masked almost 15 % of the correlation between coexposure to PFAS and HMs and FT3 in the nonadvanced age group. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a negative association between PFAS and HMs coexposure and FT3 levels, which was even more pronounced and partly masked by hemoglobin in the nonadvanced age group of pregnant women. PFOA was the primary pollutant affecting this association. Focusing on hemoglobin as a potential target for reducing the harmful effects of exposure to PFAS and HMs mixtures on thyroid function in pregnant women might be valuable.
查看更多>>摘要：Fattening pig houses often utilize biological agricultural exhaust air purification systems (APS) that employ an active microbiome to degrade nitrogen. Consequently, disinfection cannot be applied, and a neutral pH value must be maintained. However, the biofilm in biotrickling filters and a higher temperature can potentially facilitate the growth of Legionella spp. To investigate the occurrence of Legionella spp. or even the pathogen Legionella pneumophila in these systems, traditional cultivation methods proved impractical due to overgrowth and long turnaround times from sampling in the field to results in the laboratory. Therefore, innovative concepts for rapid and cultivation-independent analysis of Legionella spp. are highly demanded. In this study, two rapid analysis methods were applied using a standard addition qPCR method for the detection of L. pneumophila Sg1 and Legionella spp. as well as flow cytometry coupled with immunomagnetic separation (IMS-FCM) for the detection of viable L. pneumophila. Three APS were monitored over a period of more than a year during summer, winter, and intermediate seasons. While cultivation failed to quantify any Legionella spp., the standard addition qPCR quantified 230 to 9500 Legionella spp. cells per m3 in air passing through the APS (clean gas). In process water that is used for circulating washing of the APS a high occurrence of 104 to 2.9 x 105 Legionella spp. cells/ mL was measured. By IMS-FCM it was confirmed that viable L. pneumophila in concentrations higher than 100 cells/mL for process water and higher than 100 cells/m3 in clean gas were found in all seasons. In contrast, Legionella spp. or L. pneumophila were rarely found in air directly from the barn (raw gas). We see no risk coming from the closed barn itself but there is a health risk, because the contamination of viable L. pneumophila in process water is not efficiently reduced in clean gas.
NETL
NSTL
Elsevier