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Key engineering materials
Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
Key engineering materials

Trans Tech Publications Ltd.

半月刊

1013-9826

Key engineering materials/Journal Key engineering materials
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    Preface: Challenges in nanomedicine and tissue engineering

    M. Vallet-RegiM. Vila
    P.a1-a2页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nanoscience is revolutionizing the design of medical devices, scaffolds and drug delivery systems. The scientific community, for approaching the still actual unsolved critical problems in tissue regeneration and disease treatment, has proposed to use new methods based on nanotechnology.The new discoveries on nano systems for other research areas have opened the possibility of using them in biomedicine. But this nanoscience and these highlight ideas bordering the science fiction, have to be kept in perspective for not loosing the ground in terms of possibilities, fabrication, safety and applications inside the limits that the biology of the human body requires.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    Carbon Nanotubes: a solution for processing smart biomaterials

    M. VilaM. ManzanoM. Vallet-Regi
    P.3-29页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the recent years the driving force for technological change in many respects has shifted towards the design and process of materials that offer a set of responses to external stimuli or environmental conditions. These materials are called "smart materials". Such responses are designed to fulfil the range of scenarios to which a material or structure may be exposed providing them with a particular functionality.
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    Carbon Nanotube Composite Scaffolds and Coatings for Tissue Engineering Applications

    Aldo R. BoccacciniLutz-Christian Gerhardt
    P.31-52页
    查看更多>>摘要：Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are composed of two-dimensional hexagonal graphite sheets rolled up to form into a seamless hollow tube or cylinder of diameters ranging from 0.7 to 100 nm and length of several micrometres up to several millimetres [1, 2]. CNTs can be synthesised in two configurations, as single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs). Whereas SWCNTs are made of one tubular structure, MWCNTs consist of concentrically arranged carbon tubes with a typical spacing of ≈ 0.34 nm between the different layers [3]. Owing to their remarkable structural characteristics (light weight, high aspect ratio, high specific surface area), as well as attractive mechanical (high stiffness and strength), electrical (high conductivity) and chemical (versatile surface chemistry, easily to functionalise) properties [2], there is increasing interest in biomedical applications of CNTs. For example, CNTs are currently being explored for their use as electrochemical [5-7] or optical biosensors [8], as contrast agents in biomedical imaging [9-12], as drug and gene delivery systems [13-16], and as tissue engineering (TE) substrates and scaffolds, as highlighted in this paper.
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    Formulating nanomedicines: Focus on carbon nanotubes as novel nanoexcipients

    Marianna Foldvari
    P.53-74页
    查看更多>>摘要：Many recently designed drug delivery systems have been constructed from nano-sized components that serve as the carrier or targeting ligand for a therapeutic agent. Even though these materials have been regarded previously as inert or non-active components of dosage forms, they are now recognized as sometimes being even more important than the drug itself. Hence, it is becoming increasingly imperative that the pharmaceutically relevant properties, including identity, physicochemical characteristics, purity, solubility and toxicity, of these functional nano-excipients be fully characterized. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are novel nanomaterials made of carbon atoms that have wide application potential in many areas of nanomedicine. However, because of their significant potential, CNTs, as building blocks for nanomedicines, need to be characterized more fully. Studies to date indicate that both physical and chemical properties of CNTs play an important role in their interactions with cells. Therefore, a full understanding of the physical properties of CNTs, such as identity, chirality, particle size, aspect ratio, morphology and dispersion state, as well as chemical properties such as purity, defect sites and types and functional groups, will be essential to develop a full characterization panel of these versatile nanomaterials.
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    • NETL
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    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    Driving Forces and Consequences of the Adsorption of Proteins to Carbon Nanotubes

    Maria F. MoraLaura E. ValentiCarlos D. GarciaCarla E. Giacomelli...
    P.75-94页
    查看更多>>摘要：Different strategies used to biofunctionalize CNTs with proteins, from direct physical adsorption on pristine CNTs to chemical treatments to achieve covalent interaction, are described. The discussion is focused on the consequences of the adsorption process on the structure and properties of both proteins and CNTs. On this base, recent developments in CNTs-proteins based biosensors (electrochemical and optical) and drug delivery systems are reviewed.
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    • NETL
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    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    High resolution electron microscopy: a powerful tool to characterize nanotubes

    M. L. Ruiz-GonzalezJ. M. Gonzalez-Calbet
    P.95-119页
    查看更多>>摘要：HREM is a powerful tool for elucidating the local structure of solids, which is a crucial aspect for understanding their properties. The evolution of microcopy has been parallel to the new discoveries in material science prompted by the need of going deeper on the solid behaviour. Among the most recent discoveries CNTs (1) have supposed a great revolution on the carbon chemistry development and, in general, in materials chemistry due to their unique physical and chemical features. They are hollow nanostructures with high specific surface. Plan-view HREM images evidence the strong (0002) fringes with d spacing characteristic of graphite interlaminar distance. SWCNTs generally appear in form of bundles and can be easily observed either in plan or end views. The hollow interior makes possible the introduction of substances but it is also possible to functionalize their external and internal surface. These features have attracted an enormous interest for biomedical applications because of their intrinsic ability of transporting and delivery of fluids and molecular species as well as their use as nanoscale containers or building blocks. HREM imaging linked with processing techniques has been proved to be a successful tool to identify and characterize crystalline substances inside the tubes. In spite of the initial consideration of toxicity of CNT, it has been shown that the biocompatibility is determined by surface funcionalization rather than by size and shape (52, 53).
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    Bioactive glass scaffolds with hierarchical structure and their 3D characterization

    Julian R. JonesPeter D. Lee
    P.123-137页
    查看更多>>摘要：Bone tissue has evolved into hierarchical three-dimensional structures with dimensions ranging from nanometres to metres. The structure varies depending on the site in the body, which is dictated by the loading environment. Medically, bone is one of the most replaced body parts (second only to blood) but replicating these complex living hierarchical structures for the purpose of regenerating defective bone is a challenge that has yet to be overcome. A temporary template (scaffold) is needed that matches the hierarchical structure of native bone as closely as possible that is available 'off the shelf for surgeons to use. After implantation the scaffold must bond to bone and stimulate not only three dimensional (3D) bone growth, but also vascularisation to feed the new bone. There are many engineering design criteria for a successful bone scaffold and bioactive glass foam scaffolds have been developed that can fulfil most of them, as they have a hierarchical porous structure, they can bond to bone, and they release soluble silica species and calcium ions that have been found to up-regulate seven families of genes in osteogenic cells. Other ions have also been incorporated to combat infection and to counteract osteoporosis. Their tailorable hierarchical structure consists of highly interconnected open spherical macropores, further, because the glass is sol-gel derived, the entire structure is nanoporous. The macropores are critical for bone and blood vessel growth, the nanopores for tailoring degradation rates and protein adsorption and for cell attachment. This chapter describes the optimised sol-gel foaming process and how bone cells respond to them. Whatever type of scaffold is used for bone regeneration, it is critically important to be able to quantify the hierarchial pore structure. The nanopore size can be quantified using gas sorption, but to obtain full information of the macropore structure, imaging must be done using X-ray microtomography and the resulting images must be quantified via 3D image analysis. These techniques are reviewed.
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    Design of Hierarchically Porous Materials for Bone Tissue Regeneration

    Hui-suk Yun
    P.139-153页
    查看更多>>摘要：Mesoporous materials synthesized using a polymer templating route have attracted considerable attention in the field of bone tissue regeneration because their unique pore textural properties (high specific surface area, pore volume and controllable mesopore structure) can promote rapid bone formation. In addition, their potential use as a drug delivery system has been highlighted. The scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration should contain 3D interconnected pores ranging in size from 10 to 1000 μm for successful cell migration, nutrient delivery, bone in-growth and vascularization. Meso-sized pores are too small to carry out these roles, even though mesoporous materials have attractive functionalities for bone tissue regeneration. Therefore, a technique linking mesoporous materials with the general scaffolds is required. This paper reviews recent studies relating the development of new porous scaffolds containing mesopores for using in bone tissue regeneration. All the suggested methods, such as a combination of polymer templating methods and rapid prototyping technique can provide hierarchically 3D porous bioactive scaffolds with well interconnected pore structures in the nano to macro size range, good molding capability, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. The new fabrication techniques suggested can potentially be used to design ideal scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    Generating Porous Ceramic Scaffolds: Processing and Properties

    Ulrike Deisinger
    P.155-179页
    查看更多>>摘要：For tissue regeneration in medicine three-dimensional scaffolds with specific characteristics are required. A very important property is a high, interconnecting porosity to enable tissue ingrowth into the scaffold. Pore size distribution and pore geometry should be adapted to the respective tissue. Additionally, the scaffolds should have a basic stability for handling during implantation, which is provided by ceramic scaffolds. Various methods to produce such ceramic 3D scaffolds exist. In this paper conventional and new fabrication techniques are reviewed. Conventional methods cover the replica of synthetic and natural templates, the use of sacrificial templates and direct foaming. Rapid prototyping techniques are the new methods listed in this work. They include fused deposition modelling, robocasting and dispense-plotting, ink jet printing, stereolithography, 3D-printing, selective laser sintering/melting and a negative mould technique also involving rapid prototyping. The various fabrication methods are described and the characteristics of the resulting scaffolds are pointed out. Finally, the techniques are compared to find out their disadvantages and advantages.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd

    Calcium phosphate ceramics as bone drug-combined devices

    Elise VerronJean-Michel Bouler
    P.181-201页
    查看更多>>摘要：The integration of drugs and devices is a growing force in the medical industry. The incorporation of pharmaceutical products not only promises to expand the therapeutic scope of device technology but to access combination products whose therapeutic value stem equally from both the structural attributes of the device and the intrinsic therapy of the drug. For example, the orthopedic industry is exploring drug-coated hip, knee and bone reconstruction implants capable of promoting healing as an added therapeutic benefit for device recipients. In this context, the drug is eluted locally, being targeted in a specific site of interest, thus offering a convenient strategy to avoid adverse effects commonly observed for systemic treatments of some diseases, as an additional benefit. In addition, these new technologies are generally well adapted to the development of minimally invasive surgery for their implantation. Much research is currently being conducted in the area of bone drug delivery system because of the interest for bone tissue engineering.
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    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Trans Tech Publications Ltd