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Building Simulation
Tsinghua University Press
Building Simulation

Tsinghua University Press

季刊

1996-3599

Building Simulation/Journal Building SimulationSCIAHCIISTP
正式出版
收录年代

    Fine-scale estimation of building operation carbon emissions: A case study of the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration

    Geng LiuYue ZhengXiaocong XuXiaoping Liu...
    957-977页
    查看更多>>摘要：Building operations are a significant source of urban carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions. However, the specific amounts and spatiotemporal distribution of these emissions remain unclear, complicating targeted emission reduction goals. This study introduces a building-level CO_2 emissions estimation method and applies it to the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration (PRDUA). By integrating the Designer's Simulation Toolkit (DeST) for electricity consumption modeling with an energy decomposition approach for natural gas (NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, we calculated CO_2 emissions for each building using specific carbon emission factors. The methodology was validated in terms of the electricity consumption intensity per square meter and the monthly electricity consumption of individual buildings. In 2021, the annual hourly emission peak in the PRDUA was 26.1 thousand tons, with a low of 606.2 t. Commercial buildings have the highest monthly CO_2 emission intensity per unit area (MCEIA) among all building types, ranging from 3.7 kgCO_2/(m~2·mo) in February to 6.9 kgCO_2/(m~2·mo) in July. The total annual CO_2 emissions from buildings in the PRDUA were 82.14 million tons, with the top four cities accounting for 75.6% of the emissions; the remaining five cities contributed only 24.4%, highlighting a significant imbalance. Residential and commercial buildings were responsible for 76% of total emissions, emphasizing the disparity in contributions among different building categories. By mapping the spatiotemporal distribution of emissions, we identified the critical areas for targeted carbon reduction. The proposed method provides a robust framework for supporting sustainable urban energy management and guiding effective carbon mitigation strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Non-invasive human thermal adaptive behavior recognition based on privacy-friendly WiFi sensing in buildings: A review

    Huakun HuangLiwen TanPeiliang WangLingjun Zhao...
    979-998页
    查看更多>>摘要：By analyzing thermal adaptive behavior (TAB), we can access the occupant's thermal comfort in real time and control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system accordingly to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Most existing methods are based on wearable devices or cameras to collect occupant behavioral information. Although these methods can effectively identify occupant behavior, they have the problem of violating user privacy. With the development of wireless technologies, human activity recognition using WiFi has the advantages of being non-invasive, privacy-friendly, and light-independent. Therefore, non-invasive TAB recognition based on WiFi technology holds great promise in human thermal comfort. However, existing research on TAB recognition based on WiFi technology lacks comprehensive and consistent conclusions. Thus, in this paper, we have surveyed the literature in recent years to guide in this area. In addition, we present the challenges and future perspectives faced by existing WiFi-based TAB technologies, e.g., developing high-quality WiFi sensing datasets to advance the field of human thermal comfort. We hope this review will guide researchers in recognizing the great promise of WiFi sensing applications for TAB recognition in smart buildings.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Assessing stack-induced infiltration loads by predicting neutral pressure levels in high-rise buildings

    So-Yi ParkSu-Ji ChoiDong-Seok LeeJae-Hun Jo...
    999-1017页
    查看更多>>摘要：Accurate energy demand simulation in high-rise buildings requires evaluating the impact of stack-induced infiltration. This study introduces a simplified method for calculating infiltration loads by predicting the neutral pressure level (NPL) based on key architectural and atmospheric data. The NPL location of the elevator shaft was determined through a mass balance approach by simplifying a multi-zone building to a single zone group on each floor. Based on the predicted NPL, the stack-induced pressure distribution was calculated to estimate the building's infiltration rates. The method focuses exclusively on airflow driven by the stack effect, making it especially suitable for mid- and high-rise buildings where vertical airflow dominates. Case studies revealed significant variations in heating and cooling loads-up to 55%-due to differences in shaft planning, such as the number of vertical zones and service zone configuration. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating the vertical shaft plan into energy simulation. The proposed method provides comprehensive insights into the infiltration profiles by floor and can serve as a basis for developing strategies to manage load imbalances between floors.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Thermal performance analysis and optimization over a twin-stage phase change ceiling-floor cascaded cooling system

    Xu QiaoXiangfei KongBowen XuLina Jiang...
    1019-1042页
    查看更多>>摘要：Phase change material (PCM) is outstanding for building thermal insulation, competent for indoor cooling enhancement. However, single-PCM deployment seems not good enough for better cooling performance and higher energy efficiency. Therefore, experiment with mathematic optimization over PCM ceiling-floor cascaded cooling system has been conducted. An experimental test rig has been built with different PCMs attached to the room ceiling/floor respectively. In this manuscript, optimized system configuration for summer cooling has been obtained via control variable method based on the experimental weather data in Tianjin, China. The optimal systematic configuration has been determined as 4-cm-thick PCM panels both for floor/roof, and 23/28 ℃ in phase change temperature arrangement in floor/roof sequence, along with heat transfer fluid (HTF) of 19 ℃ circulating through the capillaries inserted at middle location of the PCM panels in Down-feed/Up-return manner with the interval of 15 cm, is recommended. Cooling HTF being 3 ℃ higher than the experimental results after optimization, indicates a decent energy conservation potential. Also, thermal conductivity is suggested to be 3.45 W/(mK), and possessing around 200 J/g in latent thermal energy storage ability. Finally, it is concluded that differentiated phase change temperature arrangement in increasing manner along the heat transfer fluid circulation direction brings about better cooling performance.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Precise quantification of microclimate heterogeneity and canopy group effects in actively heated solar greenhouses

    Demin XuRuixue LiuYaling LiuQiaoxue Dong...
    1043-1063页
    查看更多>>摘要：Winter is a critical period for greenhouse crops production. Multi-source sensors were utilized to quantitatively describe the microclimate distribution patterns and the interactions between crops and greenhouse environment during the winter season. By integrating 3D simulation model, we calculated the energy balance of solar greenhouses, thus assessing the suitability and economic efficiency of several common greenhouse heating devices. The results revealed significant discrepancy in energy demand across different planting areas within the greenhouse, especially in the north-south direction. Significant interactions between crops and greenhouse environment were observed. The presence of cucumber canopies significantly increased relative humidity by 3.0% to 3.8% and negatively impacted air temperature by 1.1 ℃ to 2.5 ℃. Considering the energy balance, initial investment in heating devices, usage period, and utilization effectiveness, the light tube radiators were identified as a suitable heating option. Compared to the unheated greenhouse, the heated greenhouse raised minimum temperatures by 5.2 ℃ to 10.2 ℃, reduced maximum relative humidity by 4.2% to 14.6%, and had a return-on-investment period of approximately 4.7 years. These findings offer valuable insights for multi-source sensor deployment, distributed control, structure optimization, and heating design in solar greenhouse.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Topology optimization design and performance analysis of the low resistance rectifier for uniform air supply

    Mengfan QuanYu ZhouYi WangXiaogang Guan...
    1065-1085页
    查看更多>>摘要：The uniformity of supply airflow is crucial in efficiently transporting fresh air to the target area and establishing a healthy indoor environment. However, connectors such as reducers in front of the air supply terminal disrupt airflow. Adding a rectifier device between the air supply terminal and connector is an effective approach to address this issue within limited installation space. Nevertheless, conventional rectifiers suffer from excessive resistance. This paper innovatively proposes a rectifier topology optimization method utilizing a dual-objective function, and optimally designs a novel low-resistance rectifier to enhance the uniformity of supply air. An experimental comparison between the topology optimization rectifier and traditional rectifier is conducted to validate the effectiveness. Numerical analysis elucidates the mechanism of driving performance enhancement in the topology optimization rectifier. The findings suggest that the topology optimization result is influenced by the number of outlets in the physical model and the weight factor of the dual-objective function. The topology-optimized rectifier improves supply airflow uniformity while reducing resistance, unlike traditional rectifiers that increase resistance. It reduces pressure drop at the inlet and outlet by 23%, enhances outlet uniformity by 59%, and mitigates the axial velocity decay rate compared to the case without a rectifier. Moreover, the rectification mechanism results from the tree-shaped bending structure of the topology-optimized rectifier, which evenly distributes airflow and minimizes reversion zones, thus decreasing energy dissipation. This study provides guidance for designing low-resistance rectifiers to achieve a uniform air supply.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    An enhanced method for design and simulation of building integrated photovoltaic plants incorporating photovoltaic resource assessment

    Shuang ZhengJianbo BaiM. Waqar Akram
    1087-1101页
    查看更多>>摘要：The consumption of buildings represents a considerable proportion of global carbon emissions and energy consumption. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology is an important means of reducing emissions and consumption. However, the intricacy and complexity inherent in the design of BIPV systems, particularly in the context of complex urban environments, present a significant challenge to the advancement of BIPV technology. In this study, an enhanced methodology for the design and simulation of BIPV systems is proposed and validated. The methodology proposed comprises four key parts: shadow calculation based on polygon cutting and projection, building photovoltaic resource assessment based on irradiance heat maps, automatic arrangement of photovoltaic modules based on parallel scan lines algorithm, and power generation simulation of BIPV system based on the simulation of modules, cables, and inverters. The methodology was applied and validated through three case studies, with two additional comparisons between proposed method and professional software to assess both the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. A thorough analysis of the case study and comparison results further confirms that the proposed design method achieves high precision and accuracy. This method offers valuable guidance for the design and simulation of BIPV power plants.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Energy flexible optimal operation of centralized hot water system in university dormitories based on model predictive control

    Shuqin ChenYuan XiIsaac LunZhiqin Rao...
    1103-1119页
    查看更多>>摘要：Energy flexibility is an important way to realize the real-time balance of regional energy supply and demand, and it can also reduce the operating cost of the system combined with peak-valley electricity price. The operation of central hot water system in university dormitories can provide abundant energy flexibility due to the heat storage characteristics of water tank and pipe network. In order to quantify the potential of the flexibility of the central hot water system in university dormitories to optimize the operation of the system, an optimization model of the central hot water system based on model predictive control was proposed in this study. The proposed model consists of the water consumption prediction model based on the circulation neural network, the heat source model based on the linear model, and the hot water system temperature prediction model based on the RC (resistance and the capacitance) model. Putting emphasis on the reduction of operating cost as the objective function, genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal operation strategy. The results obtained from simulation showed that using energy flexibility to transfer hot water load from peak electricity price period to valley electricity price period could save 30% and 9.4% operating costs in summer and winter, respectively, and increase 64.4% power consumption during valley electricity price period in typical winter months, while bringing more suitable hot water temperature and comfort.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    Optimized design of a reinforced exhaust at low velocity (RELV) system for efficient viral aerosol removal in elevators

    Sumei LiuLonghui XuBingqian ChenZhipeng Deng...
    1121-1142页
    查看更多>>摘要：Elevators, as an enclosed and often crowded space, pose a high risk of airborne infections due to ineffective ventilation. To mitigate this issue, this study introduces a reinforced exhaust at low velocity (RELV) system, specifically designed to enhance aerosol removal efficiency in elevators. The performance of the RELV system was assessed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, employing the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model to simulate airflow and the Lagrangian method to track particle motion. The RELV system was benchmarked against three conventional ventilation strategies: mixed ventilation (MV), displacement ventilation (DV), and local exhaust (Exhaust). Results demonstrated that the RELV system, optimized at a momentum ratio of 0.2, achieved a remarkable 72.9% aerosol removal efficiency within 120 s, significantly outperforming the 16.1% removal efficiency of the MV system under Scenario I, where the patient was located at the elevator's center. Furthermore, the viral aerosol concentration in the breathing zone was reduced from 2.03×10~(-2) mg/cm~3 in the MV system to 1.02×10~(-3) mg/cm~3 in the RELV system. The RELV system features simple design and compatibility with existing ventilation systems, offering an effective solution to improve air quality in elevators and other enclosed environments. Additionally, this study provides a velocity decay curve for low-velocity jets in the RELV system. This curve offers valuable insights for designing ventilation systems in similar settings.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press

    BTEX pollution and health effects in a metro system

    Han WangMengsi DengMingyuan WangYouyan Chi...
    1143-1162页
    查看更多>>摘要：As an integral component of modern urban transportation, metro systems have significantly contributed to alleviating urban traffic congestion and reducing carbon emissions. However, concerns about air quality in its confined environment, particularly the pollution by BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are growing. This study takes the Chengdu metro system as a case to evaluate the concentrations of BTEX and their potential health impacts on the public. Sampling was conducted in metro stations, carriages, and tunnels. The study found that the BTEX pollution levels in the metro system were 7.85 ± 3.03 μg/m~3 in summer and 8.44 ± 3.38 μg/m~3 in autumn, with toluene and xylene being the highest concentrations. No significant differences were observed between the halls and platforms, interchanges and non-interchanges, off peak and evening peaks in carriages, or in-service and off-service in tunnels. However, seasonal variations were pronounced. Health risk assessments indicated that while non-cancer risks were negligible, cancer risks in both summer and autumn (excluding passengers) exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1 x 10~(-6), potentially posing health threats to long-term exposed populations, particularly metro workers. This study provides a scientific basis for air quality management within metro systems and highlights the need for regulatory bodies to pay further attention to air quality issues, promoting the formulation and implementation of relevant control measures to protect the health and safety of passengers and metro workers.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Tsinghua Univ Press