查看更多>>摘要：This article is an up-to-date review of 112 unapproved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-50 found as adulterants in sexual enhancement dietary supplements and other products from 2003 to July 2023. Seventy-five of these unapproved PDE-5i are analogues of sil-denafil (67%), followed by 26 analogues of tadalafil (23%), 9 analogues of vardenafil (8%) and 2 other type of compounds (2%). The products have been formulated in various packaging, primarily in capsule, tablet, and powder forms. Common screening techniques allowing detection of such analogues include high performance or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV or UPLC-UV) (50%) and thin-layer chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detection (TLC-UV) (7%). Screening by mass spectrometry (MS) is relatively less common with the use of single-, triple-quadrupole or time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers (9%). Meanwhile, the combined detection by UV-MS has been recorded at 10% usage. Screening by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (11%) has also been applied. For compound characterization, i.e. structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy has been preferred (100 out of 112 compounds), followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (74 out of 112 compounds) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (44 out of 112 compounds). Over the past two decades, analytical technology has been evolving with enhanced sensitivity and resolution. Despite this, structural elucidation of the new emerging analogues in adulterated dietary supplements remains a challenge, especially when the analogues involve complex structural modification. Therefore, the above-mentioned techniques may not be adequate to characterize the analogues. Additional work involving chiroptical methods, two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments and X-ray crystallography are likely to be required in the future.
查看更多>>摘要：Increased interest in consumption of inserts in recent years has led to an increased focus on associated food safety concerns, and allergy is one of the most relevant. In the United States, crustacean shellfish are regulated as a major allergenic food group per the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act. Inserts and crustacean shellfish are both arthropods, and clinical cross-reactivity between the two groups has been demonstrated. The goal of this work was to establish whether that clinical cross-reactivity translates into analytical cross-reactivity with detection assays targeting crustacean shellfish allergens. Edible insert samples were analyzed using four different crustacean allergen detection methods: Multi-Analyte Profiling Food Allergen Detection Assay (xMAP FADA), enzyme-linked immunosorb-ent assay (ELISA), western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results indicate that the immunoassay-based xMAP FADA, ELISA, and western blot were susceptible to cross-reactivity, while the DNA-based PCR methods had minimal reactivity with insert samples. These results confirm that edible inserts show analytical cross-reactivity with the immunoassays which may result in false positive detection of crustacean allergens in insert samples. Confirmation using DNA-based PCR, which shows little to no cross-reactivity, clarifies ambiguous results.
Yen Li YungShyam LakshmananChi Ming ChuHeng Jin Tham...
1541-1550页
查看更多>>摘要：The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) in processed palm oils is of concern, as these oils are widely used for edible purposes. The mitigation method studied here optimizes the removal of chloride through water washing of crude palm oil (CPO), to limit the formation of 3-MCPDE. The contaminant removal obtained via washing CPO supports the quantitative findings. By utilizing 5% water in the washing step, water-soluble chlorides in CPO are removed by up to 76%, resulting in a 71% reduction of 3-MCPDE to within statutory limits. In this study, a linear correlation was developed between the chloride and the corresponding 3-MCPDE with a correlation coefficient (R~2) of 0.99. Using the correlations, 1.0mg/kg of 3-MCPDE in refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) will be obtained from CPO with 1.2mg/kg chloride with 7% wash water usage. The study also showed minor GE reduction between 7 and 11% was attained after water washing.
Lucas Victor Pereira de FreitasAna Luisa Bigliassi AlpontiMarina Alves DamacenoSarah Chagas Campanharo...
1551-1567页
查看更多>>摘要：Levamisole, an anthelmintic and immunostimulant drug, has been studied as a promising alternative for aquaculture use. While oral administration through feeding is the main route of administration in fish farming, no studies evaluating methods of levamisole incorporation into the feed have been reported so far. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential procedures for levamisole incorporation in extruded fish feed using ethyl cellulose, gelatin, or vegetable oil, to avoid drug leaching to the water during the animal's medication. A suitable LC-MS/MS method was optimized (full factorial design), validated, and applied to evaluate the efficiency of the process, the homogeneity of the drug concentration, and the leaching rate. The method has been demonstrated to be selective, precise (RSD ＜ 4.9%), accurate (recovery ＞ 98.4%), and linear (r＞0.99, 125-750 mg kg~(-1)). The incorporation procedures using the three coating agents showed high incorporation efficiency (70%) and a homogeneous drug concentration among the extruded feed pellets. A low levamisole leaching rate was verified in the feed prepared using the ethyl cellulose coating procedure (4.3% after 15 min of immersion in the water). On the other hand, fish feed coated with gelatin and oil resulted in a high leaching rate (30-35% after 15 min). Thus, this study shows that coating ethyl cellulose may be a promising procedure for levamisole incorporation in fish feed and with the potential to enhance its use in animal production while reducing environmental contamination.
R. Corinne SprangAnnick D. van den BrandGerda van DonkersgoedUrska Blaznik...
1568-1588页
查看更多>>摘要：A mixture risk assessment (MRA) for four metals relevant to chronic kidney disease (CKD) was performed. Dietary exposure to cadmium or lead alone exceeded the respective reference values in the majority of the 10 European countries included in our study. When the dietary exposure to those metals and inorganic mercury and inorganic arsenic was combined following a classical or personalised modified reference point index (mRPI) approach, not only high exposure (95th percentile) estimates but also the mean exceeded the tolerable intake of the mixture in all countries studied. Cadmium and lead contributed most to the combined exposure, followed by inorganic arsenic and inorganic mercury. The use of conversion factors for inorganic arsenic and inorganic mercury from total arsenic and total mercury concentration data was a source of uncertainty. Other uncertainties were related to the use of different principles to derive reference points. Yet, MRA at the target organ level, as performed in our study, could be used as a way to efficiently prioritise assessment groups for higher-tier MRA. Since the combined exposure to the four metals exceeded the tolerable intake, we recommend a refined MRA based on a common, specific nephrotoxic effect and relative potency factors (RPFs) based on a similar effect size.
Zurahanim Fasha AnualNurul Izzah AhmadCathrinena Anak RobunLaila Rabaah Ahmad Suhaimi...
1589-1599页
查看更多>>摘要：Food contaminated with heavy metals poses a serious threat to consumers. This study aims to assess levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in offals of chicken, cattle, and pig as well as tin (Sn) in canned food. A total of 378 offal samples was collected from wet markets, while 218 canned food samples were purchased locally. Samples were digested using a microwave before analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pb was determined, highest in cattle lung (0.11 ± 0.20 mg/kg) followed by cattle spleen (0.09±0.14mg/kg), and cattle tripe (0.09 ±0.12 mg/kg). For Cd, the highest concentrations were in cattle liver (0.13 ±0.12 mg/kg), pig liver (0.08 ± 0.05 mg/kg), and chicken liver (0.03 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Significant variations of Sn levels existed in different canned food categories with 3.21% samples (n = 7) exceeded the maximum level of 250 mg/kg set by Codex Alimentarius. All offal samples were below the Malaysian regulatory limits, indicating their safety for human consumption. However, Sn levels varied significantly among canned food categories, with the highest levels found in canned pineapple chunks in syrup, mixed pineapple cubes in syrup, pineapple slices and longan. Samples exceeding the maximum level set by Codex Alimentarius may pose a risk to consumers.
查看更多>>摘要：A simple and green hydrophobic magnetic ionic-liquid assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MIL-DLLME) was optimized for the determination of trace cadmium (Cd (Ⅱ)) in environmental and food samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To achieve selective and sensitive extraction of Cd (Ⅱ), four MILs were prepared and tested. Extraction parameters of the MIL-DLLME including pH, type and volume of the MIL, type and volume of dispersive solvent, extraction cycle, ionic strength and sample volume were investigated in detail and optimized by Box-Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, matrix effect, recovery study, intra-day and inter-day precision were performed for the MIL-DLLM. The analytical characteristics such as limit of detection, limit of quantification and pre-concentration factor were 0.17, 0.56 and 125 ng mL~(-1) respectively. The validation of the MIL-DLLME was evaluated by analysis of reference materials. Moreover, the accuracy of the results in the analysis of real samples was evaluated by standard addition and quantitative recoveries (91 ±5-101 ±2%) were achieved. The results obtained in the analysis of both reference materials and real samples showed that the MIL-DLLME has a selective applicability for cadmium.
查看更多>>摘要：To evaluate the safety of orange consumption induced by mycotoxins, 'Newhall' navel oranges were artificially inoculated with P. expansum and A. tenuissima, followed by an evaluation of the distribution and migration patterns of corresponding mycotoxins (patulin [PAT], tentoxin [Ten], altenuene [ALT], alternariol monomethyl ether [AME], alternariol [AOH] and tenuazonic acid [TeA]) during orange storage and processing. The concentration of mycotoxins decreased as the increase of distance from the lesion, and mycotoxins could be detected throughout the orange when the lesion extended to 8 mm in diameter. AOH and AME pose the primary source of dietary risk with high concentrations and low thresholds of toxicological concern. Orange juice and pectin processing could remove 43.4-98.7% of mycotoxins, while tangerine peelprocessing might lead to significant enrichment of mycotoxins with the processing factors (PFs) of 2.8-3.5. The findings may offer scientific insights into mitigating the dietary risk of mycotoxin exposure from oranges and their derivatives.
NETL
NSTL
Taylor & Francis