首页期刊导航|Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment
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Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment
International Association of Engineering Geolog
Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment

International Association of Engineering Geolog

1435-9529

Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment/Journal Bulletin of engineering geology and the environmentEISCIISTP
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    The effect of case hardening on the natural preservation of stone monuments, Fraktin monument, Tuerkiye

    Mustafa KorkancIsmail InceMehmet Yavuz HueseyincaMehmet Bahadır Tosunlar...
    258.1-258.12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Case-hardening processes that develop in monuments reduce the porosity of rocks while increasing surface hardness. This situation may contribute to the transfer of cultural stone heritage markers to future generations by limiting the penetra-tion into the rock structure of water, which is the most destructive agent in atmospheric weathering processes. This study focused on the Fraktin relief monument, which was created by the Hittites in the 13th century BCE by carving into the rock surface. The site was investigated to reveal the case-hardening mechanism and its effects on the physical properties of the rock. The geochemical formation mechanism of the surface-hardening process, which contributed to the survival of the Fraktin relief monument, was examined by use of scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and analysis by an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In addition, the effect of the hardening on the physical properties of the rock was investigated with nondestructive tests applied both in situ and in a laboratory. The SEM-EDS and ICP-MS analyses revealed that amorphous silica filled the pores of the rock and created surface hardening. This situation has increased the geotechnical properties of the unit in which the monument was carved, making it more resistant to atmospheric processes.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Physical model test on a reservoir landslide with double sliding zones subjected to water level fluctuation and rainfall

    Kang LiaoFasheng MiaoYiping WuHai Zheng...
    259.1-259.21页
    查看更多>>摘要：In this paper, the Huangtupo Riverside Slump 1#, a reservoir landslide with double sliding zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China, is selected as the prototype for a scaled physical model test subjected to water level fluctuation and rainfall. The spatial–temporal characteristics of the multi-physical monitoring data are thus obtained, including the pore water pressure, earth pressure, surface deformation, and deep deformation. Subsequently, the failure mechanism and evolution process of the landslide model are discussed. The results indicate that the rise and fall of reservoir water correspondingly increase and decrease the pore water pressure and earth pressure at the front edge of the model, while having almost no effect on the trailing edge. The rainfall increases the pore water pressure and soil pressure of the entire model, and the increase is proportional to its duration and intensity but limited by the height of overlying soil. Both the surface deformation and deep deformation increase with the fall of reservoir water and rainfall. Except for the weakening effect of the soil caused by the first rise of reservoir water, which results in a certain surface deformation and deep deformation, the surface deformation has almost no response with the subsequent rises, while the deep deformation decreases with the rises. The Riverside Slump 1–1# exhibits the characteristics of retrogressive failure with whole evolution phases, while the Riverside Slump 1–2# exhibits a composite evolution, in which its middle front belongs to the retrogressive failure within the initial deformation, and the trailing edge belongs to the progressive failure within the accelerated deformation.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Effects of freezing-thawing cycles on mechanical properties of slurry‑like mud treated by physicochemical combination method

    Yingchao GaoRongjun ZhangJunjie ZhengBinbo Chen...
    260.1-260.16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The physicochemical combination method (PCCM) is a new integrated method for treating and reusing large volumes of slurry-like mud (MS). To study the effects of freezing–thawing (FT) cycles on the mechanical properties of MS treated by the PCCM, unconfined compression tests (UCTs) and microstructural tests are both conducted on PCCM-treated MS samples with different combinations of FT cycles, initial water contents (w_(ei)), and cementitious binder contents (w_c). The experimental results indicate that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the elastic modulus (E) of PCCM-treated MS decrease exponentially when the FT cycles increase from 0 to 15. For the PCCM-treated MS samples subjected to 15 FT cycles, the reduction degree of their strength, as well as deformation resistance, is more sensitive to the variation of w_c compared to that of w_(ei). Meanwhile, the UCS and E of PCCM-treated MS samples are higher than those of the corresponding MS samples treated by the conventional cement solidification method (CCSM). The superior resistance to FT cycles of PCCM-treated MS is attributed to the presence of APAM, which not only facilitates the aggregation of soil particles but also enhances the dewatering efficiency of MS. Notably, the E/UCS value of CCSM-treated MS is 1.25 times larger than that of PCCM-treated MS, indicating the application of PCCM can significantly enhance the toughness of the treated MS.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Quantitative damage evaluation of galleries under rockfall impact: a generalized pressure‑impulse diagram

    Zhi GaoShuaixing YanDongpo WangHani Meree...
    261.1-261.23页
    查看更多>>摘要：Galleries are commonly implemented to protect tunnel entrances from rockfall impacts. This study proposes a novel approach for the quantitative damage evaluation of galleries, leveraging a generalized Pressure-Impulse (P-I) diagram. The dynamic responses and damage evolution under the influence of different rockfall mass, velocity, shape, cushion density and thickness are analyzed. On this basis, a displacement-based damage index (D = u/u_d) is formulated and correlated with the mean damage value ψ computed using the validated Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model. The damage was quantitatively categorized into four levels, with the primary independent control variables identified through dimensionless analysis. Using this method, the damage function and failure modes of the binaural integral galleries are derived. Finally, this method was validated by using single pressure galleries. The findings provide a robust framework for assessing rockfall impacts on galleries.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Deformation patterns and failure mechanism of earthquake-damaged gravel-soil cutting slope induced by rainfall

    Ganglie YuanAilan CheYanhu MuXiaopeng Liu...
    262.1-262.15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Earthquakes and rainfall both cause soil damage and strength degradation of cutting slopes, resulting in increased slope instability. However, few studies have been conducted on the failure mechanisms of cutting slopes under earthquakes and rainfall. In this study, field electrical measurements were conducted to evaluate the damage to a cutting slope hit by the Yangbi Earthquake (MS = 6.4) in Yunnan Province, China. After material segmentation using the resistivity probability density statistical method, we observed several damaged areas running along the slope depth direction, forming several potential sliding surfaces. Furthermore, considering the slope damage after the earthquake, a discrete element model of the slope was developed, and the dynamic process of the gravel-soil landslide under rainfall was analyzed. Compared with low cutting slope with thin overburden sliding along one sliding surface, the results indicate that the high cutting slope with thick overburden slides along several sliding surfaces that formed by the earthquake-step sliding mods. Slope sliding can be divided into four stages: First, the slope body at the bottom area slid and accelerated firstly, while several cracks appear on the top area due to tension (initial stage and acceleration stage). Thereafter, the upper slope body gradu-ally slides along its respective sliding surface. The body at the bottom area of the slope was pushed by that at the upper area and slid at a high velocity along the sliding surfaces due to secondary acceleration (secondary acceleration stage). Finally, the sliding velocity of the slope gradually decreases, and an accumulation is formed, entering a stable stage (deceleration stage).
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Stress state evolution induced by tunnel excavation in sandy ground with different compactness

    Yu TianHao ChenAbdul Motalleb QaytmasDechun Lu...
    263.1-263.15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Stress release of the surrounding soil is the fundamental reason for many accidents in tunnel engineering. There have been a great number of numerical simulations and analytical solutions that study the tunneling-induced ground stress. This paper conducts a series of physical model tests to measure the stress state evolution of the surrounding soil during the tunnel advancing process. The ground compactness, as the most critical factor that determines the mechanical properties of sand, is the control variable in different groups of tests. The measurement results show that at the tunnel crown, the minor principal stress σ_3, which is along the vertical direction, decreases to 0 kPa when the relative density (D_r) of the ground is 35% or 55%. Therefore, we can deduce that the sand above the crown collapses. When D_r = 80%, σ_3 does not reach 0 kPa but its variation gradient is very fast. At the shoulder, the direction angles of three principal stresses are calculated to confirm the existence of the principal stress rotation during tunnel excavation. As the ground becomes denser, the degree of the principal stress rotation gradually decreases. According to the limited variation of the normal stress components and short stress paths at the springline, the loosened region is found to be concentrated near the excavation section, especially in dense ground. As a result, different measures should be taken to deal with the tunnel excavation problem in the ground with different compactness.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Empirical relationship between the Geological Strength Index (GSI) and rock mass quality (Q‑system) in granite and sedimentary rocks

    Gabor SomodiNeil BarAkos ToeroekBalazs Vasarhelyi...
    264.1-264.11页
    查看更多>>摘要：This paper presents the relationship between Rock Mass Quality (Q-system) and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) parameters. Equations are suggested based on field data and calculations of the empirical results of granitic rock masses (Hungary) and siltstones, sandstones and quartzite formations (Australia). Measured and calculated GSI values vs Q values are given for granitic rocks, showing a higher correlation than that of the sedimentary rocks of Australia. The different behaviors of rock masses explain the higher correlation between GSI vs Q and GSI chart vs GSI calculated for igneous rock bodies. Despite the differences in stress fields and the highly tectonised structural geological setting of the granitic rock mass, the isotropic nature of granitic rocks vs. anisotropy of sedimentary rock bodies is reflected in the correlation coefficients.
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    • Springer Nature

    Investigation of brittle characteristics and hydraulic fracture propagation in deep sandstone reservoirs in the central Junggar Basin

    Lianchong LiJian LuWenqiang MuRan Ding...
    265.1-265.24页
    查看更多>>摘要：In recent years, the exploration of oil and gas resources has been continuously extended to deep reservoirs, such as deep sandstone reservoirs in the central Junggar Basin, Western China. Hydraulic fracturing for increasing production is significantly affected by rock brittleness and in-situ stress level. In this study, a geometric mean-based comprehensive index (GMCI) was proposed from experimental analyses. Subsequently, the effect of brittleness on failure modes and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics was analyzed. Finally, a three-dimensional numerical model was established considering pore pressure, in-situ stress, and fractures at the field scale to analyze the hydraulic fracturing in deep sandstone oil reservoirs, which was validated by microseismic monitoring (MS) results. The research results indicate that the brittleness of deep sandstones can be effectively evaluated with the GMCI method. With the increase of confining pressure, the overall trend of the brittleness index decreases; this is consistent with the failure mode in the experiments. With increasing brittle mineral content, the failure modes change from single shear failure to composite failure with multiple fractures, resulting in different AE vibration modes. With increasing burial depth of the reservoir by 400 m, the fracture length and width were reduced by 35.5% and 36.5%, respectively, and the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) was reduced by 33.6%. The brittle response of a sandstone reservoir is limited, resulting in a significant decrease in fracture complexity and fracturing effect. The research results can provide some references for the mechanical response, brittle evaluation and field fracturing design of deep sandstone.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Repeated failure mechanism of weathered solution‑collapse breccia slopes induced by excavation and rainfall: the Songkan slope case study

    Haoyu ZhouHong WangYuguang ZhangQuan Zhao...
    266.1-266.23页
    查看更多>>摘要：A weathered solution-collapse breccia slope forms from the weathering of solution-collapse breccia, which originates from the dissolution of underlying soluble bedrock, typically limestone or dolomite. Despite numerous prevention measures, these slopes often undergo repeated failures due to excavation and rainfall. The Songkan slope is a typical example, where two failures occurred despite extensive efforts in design and construction. This study investigates the causes of these failures through onsite investigations and monitoring. Additionally, a new FLAC3D-TOUGH hydromechanical coupling framework that considers rainfall-induced strength degradation is constructed to reveal the failure mechanism by examining the spatiotemporal evolution of pore pressure and effective stress, as well as changes in overall and local stability. These findings suggest that the primary intrinsic direct factor of both failures was the rainfall-induced degradation effect. In the first failure, the designers underestimated the sensitivity of weathered solution-collapse breccia to excavation-induced unloading and rainfall-induced degradation effects. In the second failure, a late repair of the site drainage system resulted in persistent water accumulation at the slope toe. Under the continued influence of the rainfall-induced degradation effect, the reduction in sliding resistance was not alleviated. Moreover, the delayed reinforcement failed to provide the necessary sliding resistance promptly, and its resistance was insufficient to prevent slope movement. This study revealed that both types of failure were related to identifying and controlling causative factors, timing, and quality control of slope drainage engineering. Consequently, relevant engineering insights have been integrated to provide substantial theoretical contributions and practical guidance for addressing similar geotechnical challenges.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Deformation and failure mechanism of a mining slope under mining blasting and rainfall

    Yongdong ZhuWenbing ShiFeng LiangTongwei Tao...
    267.1-267.23页
    查看更多>>摘要：Landslides occur frequently in mining slopes under rainfall, and to effectively reveal their complex disaster mechanisms, the synergistic effects among the triggering factors must be considered. This study takes the landslide disaster in Pusa, Guizhou as an example, and uses the rod explosion source, the Landau explosion model, and the fissure network seepage model in the continuous-discontinuous software (GDEM) to construct the numerical model of the overlying rock combinations and the engineering geological model. The deformation process of slopes under multiple factors (mining-blasting-rainfall), reveals the deformation mechanism of slopes from the stable state, critical state to unstable state. The results indicate that blasting can quickly add the fissures of the nearby rock masses, the damage mainly occurs in the first 20ms, and the damage range of the rock masses is limited and can be divided into crushed, fissured and vibrating zones; the goaf cause stress redistribution on the slope, thus mining contributes significantly to the overall deformation and large fissures of the slope; rainfall infiltrates along the developed fissures, increasing the saturation and fissure water pressure distribution range to the interior of the slope. The deformation process of slopes can be summarized into five stages, with the mechanism summarized as excavating-subsidence-tension-dumping-sliding. The research results involve multiple triggering factors, not only breaking through the limitations of single-factor analysis, but also revealing the complex causal mechanism of disasters, which can provide a better reference value for the prevention and control of mining slope disasters.
      原文链接:
    • NETL
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature