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地球科学学刊（英文版）
地球科学学刊（英文版）

王亨君

双月刊

1674-487X

ejournal@cug.edu.cn

027-67885075 67885076

430074

武汉市洪山区鲁磨路388号

地球科学学刊（英文版）/Journal Journal of Earth ScienceCSCDCSTPCD北大核心SCI
查看更多>>本刊是教育部主管、中国地质大学主办的综合性地球科学学术理论刊物，是中国自然科学核心期刊，以反映我国地球科学领域最新的高水平的基础地质、应用地质、资源与环境地质及地学工程技术科研成果为主要任务，以促进国内外地学学术交流，繁荣我国地质教育、地质科技与地质找矿事业，为我国社会主义现代化建设服务为目的。读者对象为从事地质教育和科研工作的研究者以及大学生和研究生。
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    Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Lycoptera: A Case Study from the Lower Jehol Group in Western Liaoning, Northeastern China

    Zhongwu LanRong CaoShujing Zhang
    737-746页
    查看更多>>摘要：Taphonomy and paleoecology (biological behavior) of the Early Cretaceous fish fossils are poorly described. This study reports for the first time a detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study on Lycoptera in the Mesozoic strata of western Liaoning Province, NE China. The XRD analysis shows that gismondine is the dominant clay minerals that could have contributed to the preservation of Lycoptera fossils and microbial mat fragments in the fossil-bearing horizon. Gismondine may have formed under volcanism-related hydrothermal regime that was transformed from crystal and lithic fragments. The μ-XRF imaging analysis shows a dominant chemical composition of Al, Si, P, S, Rh, K, Ca, Ti, C, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, among which P, Ca, C and S are enriched in the fish skeleton in comparison to the matrix. This suggests a dominant apatite composition for the fish skeleton. Hydrothermal influ-ence did not smear off these organic signals probably because of protection of gismondine. The coex-istance of C and S with Ni is assumed to represent recovered primary productivity following volcanic explosions and toxic gas emissions. The head of juvenile fish stays close to the body of adult fish. Pend-ing further discoveries, such phenomenon is interpreted to suggest that adult fish actively protected ju-venile fish in the presence of environmental pressures such as anoxia and deterioration of water quality induced by volcanism. Ocean acidification and hypoxia in association with volcanism created a harm-ful environment causing mass extinction of fish. The adult Lycoptera protected their juveniles by its body at the moment before death. Such biological behavior will be increasingly reported given the wide occurrence of Lycoptera in Mesozoic strata.
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    Kerogen Kinetic Distributions and Simulations Provide Insights into Petroleum Transformation Fraction (TF) Profiles of Organic-Rich Shales

    David A. Wood
    747-757页
    查看更多>>摘要：Two hundred and fifty single first-order Arrhenius reactions are simulated to generate S2 pyrograms at three heating rates 25, 15, and 5 ℃·min-1. The activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) of the reactions simulated follow a long-established trend of those variable values displayed by shales and kerogens. The characteristics of the transformation fraction (TF) profiles (product gener-ation window temperatures) of the simulated single reactions are compared to the TF profiles of record-ed shale pyrograms generated by multiple reactions with different E-A values lying near the defined E-A trend. Important similarities and differences are observed between the TF profile values of the two data-sets. The similarities support the spread of E-A values involved in shale pyrogram best fits. The differ-ences are most likely explained by the complexity of the multiple kerogen first-order and second-order reactions contributing to the recorded shale pyrograms versus the simplicity and crispness of the single first-order reactions simulated. The results also justify the validity of using the previously described "variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method" of multi-heating-rate shale pyrograms enabling optimizers to choose multiple reactions from an unlimited range of E-A values. In contrast, further doubt is cast on the validity of the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method used by the Easy％Ro technique, in that a distri-bution of reactions with a single A value is unlikely to represent the complex variety of kerogen macerals observed in shale formations. TF profiles generated by the variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method lie close to the established E-A trend and are likely to provide more realistic TF generation window temper-atures than TF profiles generated by the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method.
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    Partitioning Anatolian Kinematics into Tectonic Escape and Slab Rollback Dominated Domains

    Jiannan MengTimothy M. KuskyErdin BozkurtHao Deng...
    758-768页
    查看更多>>摘要：Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape, as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence, and the 2020 Samos Earthquake, which show different kine-matics related to the framework of the escape tectonics. Global Positioning System (GPS) motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards (from east to west). Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anato-lian fault systems, rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aege-an, with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional interpretations. However, which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics, extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still unclear. To assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia, we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets, and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components, revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones, while southward compo-nents increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia, where a slab tear is suggested. This phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving mechanisms. The Arabia-Eurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressive-ly more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear, which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the appar-ent curve of the whole modern velocity field. The 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also con-firm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west, and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in extension. We propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as one plate with an additional component of extension in its west caused by the local driving mechanism, slab rollback (with the boundary above the slab tear around Isparta), rather than separate microplates or a near-pole spin of the entire Anatolian Plate, and the collision- related extrusion is the dominant mechanism of tectonic escape.
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    Microstructures, Fabrics, and Seismic Properties of Mylonitic Amphibolites: Implications for Strain Localization in a Thickening Anisotropic Middle Crust of the North China Craton

    Siqi LiuBo ZhangJinjiang ZhangJian Zhang...
    769-785页
    查看更多>>摘要：Strain localization processes in the continental crust generate faults and ductile shear zones over a broad range of scales affecting the long-term lithosphere deformation and the mechanical response of faults during the seismic cycle. Seismic anisotropy originated within the continental crust can be applied to deduce the kinematics and structures within orogens and is widely attributed to region-ally aligned minerals, e.g., hornblende. However, naturally deformed rocks commonly show various structural layers (e.g., strain localization layers). It is necessary to reveal how both varying amphibole contents and fabrics in the structural layers of strain localization impact seismic property and its inter-pretations in terms of deformation. We present microstructures, petrofabrics, and calculate seismic properties of deformed amphibolite with the microstructures ranging from mylonite to ultramylonite. The transition from mylonite to ultramylonite is accompanied by a slight decrease of amphibole grain size, a disintegration of amphibole and plagioclase aggregates, and amphibole aspect ratio increase (from 1.68 to 2.23), concomitant with the precipitation of feldspar and/or quartz between amphibole grains. The intensities of amphibole crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) show a progressively increasing trend from mylonitic layers to homogeneous ultramylonitic layers, as indicated by the JAm in-dex increasing from 1.9-4.0 for the mylonitic layers and 4.0-4.8 for the transition layer, to 5.1-6.9 for the ultramylonitic layers. The CPO patterns are nearly random for plagioclase and quartz. Polycrystalline amphibole aggregates in the amphibolitic mylonite deform by diffusion, mechanical rotation, and weak dislocation creep, and develop CPOs collectively. The polymineralic matrix (such as quartz and plagio-clase) of the mylonite and the ultramylonite deform dominantly by dissolution-precipitation, combined with weak dislocation creep. The mean P and S wave velocities are estimated to be 6.3 and 3.5 km/s, re-spectively, for three layers of the mylonitic amphibolite. The respective maximum P and S anisotropies are 1.5％-6.4％ and 1.8％-4.5％ for the mylonite layers of the mylonitic amphibolite, and 6.0％-6.9％ and 4.5％-5.0％ for the transition layers; but for the ultramylonite layers, these values increase signifi-cantly to 8.0％-9.1％ and 5.1％-6.0％, respectively. Furthermore, increasing strain (strain localization) generates significant variations in the geometry of the seismic anisotropy. This effect, coupled with the geographical orientations of structures in the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping complex terrains, can generate substantial variations in the orientation and magnitude of seismic anisotropy for the continental crust as measured by the existing North China Geoscience Transect. Thickened amphibolitic layers by extensive-ly folding or thrusting in the middle crust can explain the strong shear wave splitting and the tectonic boundary parallel fast shear wave polarization beneath the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping complex terrains. Therefore, signals of seismic anisotropy varying with depth in the deforming conti-nent crust need not deduce depth-varying kinematics or/and tectonic decoupling.
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    Detrital Zircon of Devonian Sandstones in Changning-Menglian Suture Zone, Yunnan, SW China: Implications for the Early Evolution of Paleo-Tethys

    Zhengqin GanQinglai FengYuehua WeiGuichun Liu...
    786-796页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Changning-Menglian suture zone is a critical tectonic belt pivotal to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys. The Wenquan Formation, characterized as turbidite deposited on the western side of the Changning-Menglian suture zone as well as the eastern edge of the Baoshan Block. Analysis of de-trital zircons from the Wenquan Formation reveals two significant age peaks approximately at 440 and 980 Ma, with additional age populations around 600, 780, and 2500 Ma. The major age peak at about 440 Ma is come from the andesitic-dominant volcanic arc within the Lancang Block and the western Si-mao Block, corroborated by the presence of andesite fragments in thin section studies. Meanwhile, the zircons that form the secondary age peak at ～980 Ma and other older age groups probably originate from the Baoshan Block. Deposited on the western side of the Paleo-Tethyan ophiolites, the Wenquan Formation received detrital materials from the continental margin on the opposite side. Thus, the main Paleo-Tethyan Ocean basin was not sufficiently broad enough to cut off the transference of detrital ma-terials. It was a relatively narrow basin in the Early Devonian.
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    Depositional Responses to the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean Closure in the Central Area of the Great Xing'an Range: Insights into Thrust Faults and Foreland Basins

    Zheren ZhaoShichao LiLingyu Zhang
    797-811页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, which has been closing gradually from the west to the east beginning since the Late Paleozoic, was an important part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It influ-enced the tectonic framework of Northeast Asia in the Mesozoic, especially the Late Mesozoic arc-basin system that is widely distributed in the Great Xing'an Range. However, the manner in which the Mon-gol-Okhotsk Ocean affected the sedimentary basin development remains poorly understood. To ad-dress this issue, we conducted U-Pb dating of detrital zircon deposited sedimentary basins of the cen-tral Great Xing'an Range. By examining the possible provenances of the detrital zircon and the struc-tural controls of the basins, we found that a key sedimentary unit was deposited around Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Its provenance was a felsic source in a back-arc setting of an active continental mar-gin. The findings also suggest the existence of a unified geodynamic setting that affected the coeval de-velopment of basins in the northern Great Xing'an Range and the Yanshan fold-thrust belt along the northern margin of North China Craton. This research helps to better understand the complex tectonic processes which shaped the Northeast Asia during the Late Mesozoic.
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    Late Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the SW Yangtze Block, South China: Evidence from U-Pb Geochronology and Lu-Hf Isotopes of Detrital Zircons from Sedimentary Rocks

    Peiwen LiuXiaozhong DingYanxue LiuJibiao Zhang...
    812-827页
    查看更多>>摘要：In situ zircon U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotope studies of detrital zircons from Late Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic sedimentary units on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block have important implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Block. The Huili Group contains zircons whose ages are mainly Late Archean to Mesoproterozoic (2650-2450, 2100- 1800, and 1350-1150 Ma). The Dengxiangying Group has one major age population of 1900-1600 Ma, and two subordinate age populations of 1350-1100 and 2300-2000 Ma. Yanbian Group sedimen-tary rocks have a zircon age population mainly in the range of 970-850 Ma, contemporaneous with the ages of widespread arc-related magmatism in the western Yangtze Block. Combining these results with previous work, the Huili and Dengxiangying groups were most likely deposited during ca. 1160 to 1000 Ma in an intra-continental rift basin setting, while the Yanbian Group accumulated during >920 to 782 Ma in a back-arc basin setting at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block. In addition, all these results further suggest a tectonic transition from a continental rift basin to a convergent environment at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block at 1000-970 Ma.
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    Crust and Upper Mantle Density Structures beneath the Eastern Tianshan Region and Its Tectonic Implications

    Yiming LiuChao ChenQing LiangZhengwang Hu...
    828-838页
    查看更多>>摘要：The deformation mechanisms of the Tianshan orogenic belt (TOB) are one of the most important unresolved issues in the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. To better understand the lithospheric deformation of the eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, we combined the S-wave tomography and gravity data to develop a three-dimensional (3D) density model of the crust and upper mantle be-neath the eastern Tianshan area. Results show that the crust of the eastern Tianshan is mainly charac-terized by positive density anomalies, revealing widespread subduction-related magmatism during the Paleozoic. We however have also observed extensive low-density anomalies beneath the eastern Tian-shan at depths deeper than ～100 km, which is likely linked to a relatively hot mantle. The most funda-mental differences of the lithosphere within the eastern Tianshan occur in the uppermost mantle. The uppermost mantle layers in the Bogda Shan and Harlik Shan are relatively dense. This is likely associ-ated with an eclogite body in the uppermost mantle. The most significant negative anomaly of the up-permost mantle is however found in the Jueluotage tectonic belt and the central Tianshan Block and is possibly associated with depleted mantle material. We suggest that these differences related to composi-tional changes may control the strength of the lithospheric mantle and have affected the uplift of the northern and southern segments of the eastern Tianshan after the Permian.
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    Convex-up Style of Deformation within Grabens in Regions of Incomplete Crossing Conjugate Normal Faults: A Numerical Simulation Investigation and Case Study

    Zheng LiKai WangXiong XiongBing Zhou...
    839-849页
    查看更多>>摘要：Crossing conjugate normal faults (CCNFs) are extensively developed in many hydrocar-bon-producing basins, generally existing in the form of incomplete CCNFs. Nevertheless, the effect of the non-conjugate zone of the CCNFs on the conjugate relay zone post late tectonic action has not been previously studied. We use 3D elastic-plastic modeling to investigate the influence of incomplete (i.e., partially intersecting) CCNFs on the pattern of deformation of strata in the intersection region. A se-ries of model simulations were performed to examine the effects of horizontal tectonic extension, fault size, and fault depth on the deformation of conjugate relay zones of incomplete CCNFs. Our analyses yielded the following results. (1) The model of incomplete conjugation predicts a convex-up style of de-formation in the conjugate graben region superimposed on overall subsidence under applied horizontal tectonic extension. (2) The degree of convex-up deformation of the conjugate graben depends on the in-fluence of the non-conjugate zone on the conjugate relay zone, which varies with the amount of hori-zontal tectonic extension, fault size, and fault burial depth. (3) Our results indicate that incomplete CCNFs can form convex-up deformation, similar to that in the Nanpu Sag area and provide a sound understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
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    Petrogenesis and Economic Potential of the Sangong Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusion in the Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from Mineral, Whole-Rock, and PGE Geochemistry

    Guochao ZhouYuwang WangJingbin WangYu Shi...
    850-865页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Sangong Cu-Ni sulfide mineralized mafic-ultramafic intrusion is located on the south-ern margin of the Bogeda-Harlik belt, eastern Tianshan, China. The intrusion is a well-differentiated complex and is comprised of leucogabbro, gabbro, olivine gabbro, Pl-bearing peridotite, and Pl-bearing pyroxenite. The Pl-bearing pyroxenite hosts both irregularly disseminated sulfide and round droplet sul-fide. The intrusive rocks have a wide range of SiO2 (42.1 wt.％-50.48 wt.％) and MgO (6.21 wt.％-22.11 wt.％), and are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; e.g.,Rb, Ba, Sr, and Pb), and palladium platinum group elements (PPGE) but depleted in high-field-strength elements (HFSE; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and iridium PGEs (IPGE). These geochemical characteristics indi-cate that the Sangong mafic-ultramafic intrusion was derived from high degree of partial melting of de-pleted mantle and interacted with subduction-related material. The low Pd/Ir (3.21-27.44) but high Ni/Cu (1.64-24.16) ratios, combined with the olivine crystals with low Fo (60.88-78.65) and Ni (54.99 ppm-1688.87 ppm) concentrations suggest that the parental magma of the Sangong intrusion were likely high MgO basaltic in composition that experienced extensive evolution prior emplacement. The Ce/Pb ratios (5.8-13.6) and Nb/U ratios (11.6-30.3) of the intrusive rocks all range between MORB and crustal values, the Nb/Yb and Th/Yb values are close to the lower crust values, together with the low Se/S ratios [(17-100) × 10-6)] suggest that the magma experienced assimilation not only in mantle source but also in conduit, but the degree of crustal contamination is limited. The Cu/Pd ratios of the rocks range from 3.9 × 104 to 10.8 × 104, and the Cu/Zr ratios of Pl-bearing pyroxenite in the Sangong intrusion are >1, com-bined with the presence of sulfide droplets in the Pl-bearing pyroxenite, indicating the parental magma experienced sulfide saturation and the economical ore bodies may present in the depth of the intrusion. Furthermore, given the discovery of the Baixintan and Yueyawan deposits, we propose the Dananhu-Harlik belt as an essential prospecting target for Cu-Ni mineralization in North Xinjiang.
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