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动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）
动物营养（英文）/Journal Animal NutritionCSCDCSTPCD北大核心SCI
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    Phytogenic feed additives as natural antibiotic alternatives in animal health and production:A review of the literature of the last decade

    Jing WangLufang DengMeixia ChenYuyan Che...
    244-264页
    查看更多>>摘要：The use of antibiotics in animal production raises great public safety concerns;therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of substitutes for antibiotics.In recent decades,plant-derived feed additives have been widely investigated as antibiotic alternatives for use in animal health and production because they exert multiple biological functions and are less likely to induce resistance development.This review summarizes the research history and classification of phytogenic feed additives and their main functions,potential modes of action,influencing factors,and potential negative effects.Further,we highlight the challenges in developing sustainable,safe,and affordable plant-derived antibiotic alter-natives for use in livestock production.
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    Development and application of a multi-step porcine in vitro system to evaluate feedstuffs and feed additives for their efficacy in nutrient digestion,digesta characteristics,and intestinal immune responses

    Hee Yeon KimJun-Ok MoonSung Woo Kim
    265-282页
    查看更多>>摘要：In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research.In pig nutrition,there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades.Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies,research duration,cost,and the use of animals and feeds.This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives.Seven feedstuffs(corn,corn distillers dried grains with solubles[corn DDGS],barley,wheat,soybean meal,soy protein concentrates,and Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass[CGCM]),feed enzymes(xylanase and phytase),and supplemental amino acids(arginine,methionine,and tryptophan),were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility,digesta characteristics,and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies.All in vitro evaluations were triplicated.Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4.Evaluations included(1)nutrient di-gestibility of feedstuffs,(2)the effects of feed enzymes,xylanase and phytase,on digestibility of feed-stuffs and specific substrates,and(3)the effects of amino acids,arginine,tryptophan,and methionine,on anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative,and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects(P＜0.05)on the measured items.Differences in dry matter and crude protein digestibility among the feedstuffs as well as effects of xylanase and phytase were detected(P＜0.05),including xylo-oligosaccharide profiles and phosphorus release from phytate.Supplementation of arginine,tryptophan,and methionine modulated(P＜0.05)cellular inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.The use of this in vitro model allowed the use of 3 experimental replications providing sufficient statistical power at P＜0.05.This indicates in vitro models can have increased precision and consistency compared with in vivo animal studies.
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    Monascus purpureus M-32 fermented soybean meal improves the growth,immunity parameters,intestinal morphology,disease resistance,intestinal microbiota and metabolome in Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)

    Pan WangShanshan WangChuanzhong ZhuYunzhang Sun...
    283-296页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Monascus purpureus M-32 fermented soybean meal(MFSM)on growth,immunity,intestinal morphology,intestinal microbiota,and intestinal metabolome of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei).Four groups of diets were formulated,including control group(30％fish meal and 30％soybean meal[SBM]included in the basal diet)and three experimental groups which MFSM replaced 20％(MFSM20),40％(MFSM40),and 60％(MFSM60)of SBM in control group,respectively.Results showed that the soluble proteins larger than 49 kDa in MFSM were almost completely degraded.Meanwhile,the crude protein,acid-soluble protein,and amino acid in MFSM were increased.The results of shrimp culture experiment showed that the replacement of SBM with MFSM decreased FCR(P＜0.001)and content of malondialdehyde(P=0.007)in the experimental groups,and increased weight gain rate(P=0.006),specific growth rate(P=0.002),survival rate(P=0.005),in-testinal villus height(P＜0.001),myenteric thickness(P=0.002),the activities of superoxide dismutase(P=0.002),and lysozyme(P=0.006)in experimental groups,as well as increased content of calcium(Ca2+)and phosphorus(PO43-)in blood and muscle,and enhanced resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.The gut microbiota of MFSM groups was significantly different from that of the control group,and the abundance of Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia increased significantly in the MFSM60 group,whereas Proteobacteria and Firmicutes decreased.Compared with the control group,there were sig-nificant changes in the levels of several intestinal metabolites in the MFSM60 group,including leuko-triene C5,prostaglandin A1,taurochenodeoxycholic acid,carnosine,and itaconic acid.The fermentation of SBM by the strain M.purpureus M-32 has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of SBM,promote the growth of L.vannamei,boost immune response,improve intestinal morphology and microbiota composition,as well as influence intestinal metabolites.
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    Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets:From the perspective of feeds

    Qingsong TangTianyi LanChengyu ZhouJingchun Gao...
    297-311页
    查看更多>>摘要：Post-weaning diarrhea(PWD)is a globally significant threat to the swine industry.Historically,antibi-otics as well as high doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate have been commonly used to control PWD.However,the development of bacterial resistance and environmental pollution have created an interest in alternative strategies.In recent years,the research surrounding these alternative strategies and the mechanisms of piglet diarrhea has been continually updated.Mechanically,diarrhea in piglets is a result of an imbalance in intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion.In general,enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)and diarrheal viruses are known to cause an imbalance in the absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets,resulting in diarrhea when Cl-secretion-driven fluid secretion surpasses absorptive capacity.From a perspective of feedstuffs,factors that contribute to imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion in the intestines of weaned piglets include high levels of crude protein(CP),stimulation by certain antigenic proteins,high acid-binding capacity(ABC),and contamination with deoxynivalenol(DON)in the diet.In response,efforts to reduce CP levels in diets,select feedstuffs with lower ABC values,and process feedstuffs using physical,chemical,and biological approaches are important strategies for alleviating PWD in piglets.Additionally,the diet supplementa-tion with additives such as vitamins and natural products can also play a role in reducing the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets.Here,we examine the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets,summarize nutritional strategies to control PWD in piglets from the perspective of feeds,and provide new insights towards future research directions.
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    Effects of the level and source of dietary physically effective fiber on feed intake,nutrient utilization,heat energy,ruminal fermentation,and milk production by Alpine goats

    Raquel V.LourenconAmlan K.PatraLuana P.S.RibeiroRyszard Puchala...
    312-324页
    查看更多>>摘要：Thirty-two primiparous and 31 multiparous Alpine goats were used to determine influences of diets varying in level and source of forage on performance in early to mid-lactation for 16 wk.Diets consisted of 40％,50％,60％,and 70％forage(designated as 40F,50F,60F,and 70F,respectively)with 60F and 70F containing coarsely ground grass hay(primarily orchardgrass)and 40F and 50F containing cottonseed hulls,alfalfa pellets,and coarsely ground wheat hay.Diets contained 15.9％to 16.3％crude protein and 37.8％,42.1％,53.5％,and 55.4％neutral detergent fiber(NDF)with 10.0％,15.8％,50.1％,and 55.5％particle retention on a 19-mm sieve,and 26.1％,29.6％,38.3％,and 40.0％physically effective NDF(peNDF)for 40F,50F,60F,and 70F,respectively.Dry matter intake(2.71,2.75,1.96,and 1.95 kg/d)and milk yield(2.82,2.71,2.23,and 2.10 kg/d for 40F,50F,60F,and 70F,respectively)were lower(P＜0.05)for the two diets highest in forage.Digestion of organic matter was similar among diets(P＞0.05),but digestibility of NDF was greater(P＜0.05)for 60F and 70F(57.5％,58.4％,68.9％,and 72.2％for 40F,50F,60F,and 70F,respectively).Diet affected(P＜0.05)milk fat(3.16％,3.37％,2.93％,and 2.97％)and protein concentrations(2.62％,2.69％,2.58％,and 2.52％for 40F,50F,60F,and 70F,respectively).Milk energy yield was greater(P＜0.05)for the two diets lowest in forage(7.51,7.45,5.68,and 5.34 MJ/d),although yield relative to dry matter intake was not affected(P＞0.05)by diet and was lower(P＜0.05)for primiparous vs.multip-arous goats(2.71 and 3.09 MJ/kg).Ruminal pH and acetate proportion were greater for 60F and 70F than for the other diets and the proportion of butyrate was lower for the two diets highest in fiber.The mean lengths of time spent ruminating,eating,standing,and lying were not affected(P＞0.05)by diet or parity,but many interactions involving diet,period,hour,and parity were significant(P＜0.05).In conclusion,lactational performance of Alpine goats in early to mid-lactation will be constrained with diets high in forage of moderate quality,peNDF content,and large particle size,which appeared related to limited feed intake.
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    Rosemary leaf powder improves egg quality,antioxidant status,gut barrier function,and cecal microbiota and metabolites of late-phase laying hens

    Lianhua ZhangJunwei GeFei GaoMin Yang...
    325-334页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study sought to determine the effects of rosemary leaf powder(RP)on laying performance,egg quality,serum indices,gut barrier function,and cecal microbiota and metabolites of late-phase laying hens.A total of 84"Jing Tint 6"laying hens at 65-week old were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed either a basal diet(CON)or a basal diet supplemented with 0.3％RP.Our study revealed that RP improved the Haugh unit and decreased yolk n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio of laying hens,increased serum superoxide dismutase(SOD),jejunal activities of SOD and catalase(CAT),and jejunal zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)expression,as well as decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)level and jejunal TNF-α mRNA expression.Rosemary leaf powder markedly enhanced(P＜0.05)cecal abun-dances of Rikenellaceae,Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,and Turicibacter,tended to promote(P=0.076)butyrate concentration,and reduced(P＜0.05)cecal abundances of Erysipelatoclostridiaceae,Sutter-ellaceae,Fusobacteriaceae,Campylobacteraceae,Sutterella,Campylobacter,and Fusobacterium,which were closely linked with Haugh unit,yolk n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio,serum SOD and TNF-α.In addition,RP altered the metabolic functions of cecal microbiota and enhanced the abundances of butyrate-synthesizing enzymes,including lysine 2,3-aminomutase,β-lysine 5,6-aminomutase,and 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase.Together,0.3％RP has the potential to enhance egg quality by partially modulating serum antioxidant status,jejunal barrier function,and cecal microbiota structure and metabolites,indicating that RP could be considered a promising feed additive to promote the production performance of late-phase laying hens.
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    Enhancing growth,liver health,and bile acid metabolism of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)through combined cholesterol and bile acid supplementation in plant-based diets

    Jiayuan JiangXing LuLixue DongJuan Tian...
    335-346页
    查看更多>>摘要：The present study aimed to compare the nutritional effects of cholesterol,bile acids,and combination of cholesterol with bile acids in plant-based diets on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia(GIFT;Oreochromis niloticus).The isonitrogenous(321 g/kg crude protein)and isolipidic(76 g/kg crude fat)diets(Con diet)were based on plant protein sources,which included corn gluten meal,soybean meal,cotton-seed meal and rapeseed meal.The Con diet was supplemented with 12 g/kg cholesterol(CHO diet),0.2 g/kg bile acids(BAs diet),a combination of 12 g/kg cholesterol and 0.2 g/kg bile acids(CHO-BAs diet),respectively.Each diet was fed to three tanks in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 9 weeks.Results showed that compared to the Con group,fish had a higher weight gain rate,hepatosomatic index,and a lower feed conversion ratio in the CHO-BAs group.The highest levels of whole-fish fat and ash were found in the Con group.Serum parameters,including activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate transaminase(AST),along with levels of glucose(GLU)and triglyceride(TG)except for total cholesterol(TCHO),were lower in the CHO,BAs,and CHO-BAs groups than those in the Con group(P＜0.001).Histological examination revealed that fish in the Con group exhibited severe hepatocyte vacuo-lization and diminished hepatocyte proliferation.Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcrip-tional levels of bile acid metabolism-related genes(including fxr,fgf19,bsep)were up-regulated in the CHO-BAs group(P＜0.05),whereas cholesterol metabolism-related genes(acly and hmgcr)were down-regulated in both CHO and CHO-BAs groups(P＜0.001).Moreover,UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the higher taurine-conjugated bile acids(T-BAs),followed by free bile acids(Free-BAs)and glycine(G-BAs)were determined in tilapia bile.Among these,taurochenodeoxycholic bile acid was the predominant bile acid.Dietary bile acids supplementation also increased the proportion of T-BAs(tauro β-muricholic acid and taurodehydrocholic acid)while decreasing Free-BAs in the fish bile.In conclusion,the incorporation of cholesterol with bile acids into plant-based diets can effectively reduce cholesterol uptake,suppress bile acids synthesis,enhance bile acids efflux,and promote hepatocyte proliferation,which is helpful for maintaining the normal liver morphology in tilapia,and thus improving its growth performance.
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    Dietary fat and carbohydrate-balancing the lactation performance and methane emissions in the dairy cow industry:A meta-analysis

    Chenguang ZhangXingwei JiangShengru WuJun Zhang...
    347-357页
    查看更多>>摘要：For the agroecosystems of the dairy cow industry,dietary carbohydrate(starch,neutral detergent fiber[NDF])and fat could directly affect rumen methane emissions and host energy utilization.However,the relationships among diet,lactation performance,and methane emissions need to be further determined to assist dairy farms to adjust diet formulations and feeding strategies for environmental and production management.A meta-analysis was conducted in the current study to explore quantitative patterns of dietary fat and carbohydrate at different levels in balancing lactation performance and environment sustainability of dairy cows,and to establish a methane emission prediction model using the artificial neural network(ANN)model.The results showed that the regression relationship between dietary fat,carbohydrate and methane emissions could be shown by the following models:methane=106.78+(14.86 × DMI),R2=0.80;methane=443.17-(46.41 × starch/NDF),R2=0.76;and methane=388.91+(31.40 × fat)-(5.42 × fat2),R2=0.80.The regression relationships between dietary fat,carbohydrate and lactation performance could be shown by the following models:milk fat yield=1.08+(0.43 × starch/NDF)-[0.34 ×(starch/NDF)2],R2=0.79;milk protein yield=0.68+(0.15 × fat)-(0.016 × fat2),R2=0.82.In the structural equation model,we found that when formulating dietary carbohydrates and fats,it was necessary to balance the relationship between methane emissions and lactation performance.Specifically,dietary starch/NDF was lower than 0.63(extremum point)and dietary fat was between 2.89％and 4.69％(extremum point),it could ensure that the aim of methane emission reduction(methane emissions decrease with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat)was achieved without losing lactation performance of dairy cows(lactation performance increase with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat).Finally,we established the ANN model to predict methane emissions(training set:R2=0.62;validation set:R2=0.61).
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    Dietary supplementation with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract improves broiler meat quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and regulating metabolites

    Cheng WangDandan ChenShou WuWei Zhou...
    358-372页
    查看更多>>摘要：This study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet of broilers with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract(NCLE)on meat quality by evaluating antioxidant parameters and the expression of genes in the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element(p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE)signaling pathway,coupled with LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.A total of 480 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to four treatment groups-a control(CON)group,which was fed a basal diet,and three NCLE treatment groups,which were fed the basal diet sup-plemented with 100,200,or 400 mg/kg NCLE(N1,N2,and N3 groups,respectively)for 42 d.Compared with the CON group,meat quality was improved in the N2 and N3 groups,as evidenced by the higher pH45min(P＜0.05)and lower shear force(P＜0.05)in breast muscle(BM)and lower drip loss at 48 h(P＜0.05)in leg muscle(LM).Moreover,BM antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the N3 group,characterized by an increase in the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),the concentrations of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and catalase(CAT),and the relative mRNA expression of p38 MAPK,extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),Nrf2,CAT,and GSH-Px(P＜0.05).Similarly,LM in the N3 group displayed higher T-AOC,increased GSH-Px and CAT concentrations,reduced malonaldehyde contents(P＜0.05),and upregulation of the relative mRNA levels of JNK,Nrf2,heme oxygenase,CAT,and superoxide dismutase(SOD)(P＜0.05).Metabolomics analysis revealed that D-arabinono-1,4-lactone and lyso-PAF C-16-d4 were negatively correlated with shear force and cooking loss(P＜0.05)and displayed increased abundance in BM of the N3 group.L-Serine levels were upregulated while D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate contents were downregulated in the three NCLE groups.Finally,the differential metabolites in both BM and LM were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways.Our results indicated that NCLE supplementation improved meat quality by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities,promoting the expression of genes in the p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway,and regulating amino acid metabolism.The optimal NCLE concentration was found to be 400 mg/kg.
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    Advancements in animal nutrition:The interplay of feed enzymes,gut health,and nutrient supply in poultry and pig production-A tribute to Professor Mingan Choct's 30-year scientific legacy

    Shu-Biao Wu
    373-375页
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