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石油科学（英文版）
石油科学（英文版）

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石油科学（英文版）/Journal Petroleum ScienceCSCD北大核心SCI
查看更多>>本刊办刊宗旨在于向国外介绍中国石油界最新的学术、科研成果，广泛开展国际间的学术交流，促进中国石油科学技术的发展。主要刊登反映中国石油石油科学技术领域最新、最高水平科研成果的科技论文。其专业内容包括石油勘探与开发、石油储运工程、石油炼制与化工、石油机电工程、油田化工、石油工业经济管理与营销以及与石油工业有关的各个学科。
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    Geochemistry and origins of hydrogen-containing natural gases in deep Songliao Basin,China:Insights from continental scientific drilling

    Shuang-Biao HanChao-Han XiangXin DuLin-Feng Xie...
    741-751页
    查看更多>>摘要：The different reservoirs in deep Songliao Basin have non-homogeneous lithologies and include multiple layers with a high content of hydrogen gas.The gas composition and stable isotope characteristics vary significantly,but the origin analysis of different gas types has previously been weak.Based on the geochemical parameters of gas samples from different depths and the analysis of geological settings,this research covers the diverse origins of natural gas in different strata.The gas components are mainly methane with a small amount of C2+,and non-hydrocarbon gases,including nitrogen(N2),hydrogen(H2),carbon dioxide(CO2),and helium(He).At greater depth,the carbon isotope of methane becomes heavier,and the hydrogen isotope points to a lacustrine sedimentary environment.With increasing depth,the origins of N2 and CO2 change gradually from a mixture of organic and inorganic to inorganic.The origins of hydrogen gas are complex and include organic sources,water radiolysis,water-rock(Fe2+-containing minerals)reactions,and mantle-derived.The shales of Denglouku and Shahezi Formations,as source rocks,provide the premise for generation and occurrence of organic gas.Furthermore,the deep faults and fluid activities in Basement Formation control the generation and migration of mantle-derived gas.The discovery of a high content of H2 in study area not only reveals the organic and inorganic as-sociation of natural-gas generation,but also provides a scientific basis for the exploration of deep hydrogen-rich gas.
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    Intelligent geochemical interpretation of mass chromatograms:Based on convolution neural network

    Kai-Ming SuJun-Gang LuJian YuZi-Xing Lu...
    752-764页
    查看更多>>摘要：Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)is an extremely important analytical technique that is widely used in organic geochemistry.It is the only approach to capture biomarker features of organic matter and provides the key evidence for oil-source correlation and thermal maturity determination.However,the conventional way of processing and interpreting the mass chromatogram is both time-consuming and labor-intensive,which increases the research cost and restrains extensive applications of this method.To overcome this limitation,a correlation model is developed based on the convolution neural network(CNN)to link the mass chromatogram and biomarker features of samples from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China.In this way,the mass chromatogram can be auto-matically interpreted.This research first performs dimensionality reduction for 15 biomarker parameters via the factor analysis and then quantifies the biomarker features using two indexes(i.e.MI and PMI)that represent the organic matter thermal maturity and parent material type,respectively.Subsequently,training,interpretation,and validation are performed multiple times using different CNN models to optimize the model structure and hyper-parameter setting,with the mass chromatogram used as the input and the obtained MI and PMI values for supervision(label).The optimized model presents high accuracy in automatically interpreting the mass chromatogram,with R2 values typically above 0.85 and 0.80 for the thermal maturity and parent material interpretation results,respectively.The significance of this research is twofold:(ⅰ)developing an efficient technique for geochemical research;(ⅱ)more importantly,demonstrating the potential of artificial intelligence in organic geochemistry and providing vital references for future related studies.
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    Differences and identification on multi-time hydrocarbon generation of carboniferous-permian coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

    Jin-Jun XuXian-Gang ChengShu-Nan PengJun-Cai Jiang...
    765-776页
    查看更多>>摘要：Coal is a solid combustible mineral,and coal-bearing strata have important hydrocarbon generation potential and contribute to more than 12％of the global hydrocarbon resources.However,the deposition and hydrocarbon evolution process of ancient coal-bearing strata is characterized by multiple geological times,leading to obvious distinctions in their hydrocarbon generation potential,geological processes,and production,which affect the evaluation and exploration of hydrocarbon resources derived from coaly source rocks worldwide.This study aimed to identify the differences on oil-generated parent macerals and the production of oil generated from different coaly source rocks and through different oil generation processes.Integrating with the analysis of previous tectonic burial history and hydrocarbon generation history,high-temperature and high-pressure thermal simulation experiments,organic geochemistry,and organic petrology were performed on the Carboniferous-Permian(C-P)coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin.The oil-generated parent macerals of coal's secondary oil gen-eration process(SOGP)were mainly hydrogen-rich collotelinite,collodetrinite,sporinite,and cutinite,while the oil-generated parent macerals of tertiary oil generation process(TOGP)were the remaining small amount of hydrogen-rich collotelinite,sporinite,and cutinite,as well as dispersed soluble organic matter and unexhausted residual hydrocarbons.Compared with coal,the oil-generated parent macerals of coaly shale SOGP were mostly sporinite and cutinite.And part of hydrogen-poor vitrinite,lacking hydrocarbon-rich macerals,and macerals of the TOGP,in addition to some remaining cutinite and a small amount of crude oil and bitumen from SOGP contributed to the oil yield.The results indicated that the changes in oil yield had a good junction between SOGP and TOGP,both coal and coaly shale had higher SOGP aborted oil yield than TOGP starting yield,and coaly shale TOGP peak oil yield was lower than SOGP peak oil yield.There were significant differences in saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic param-eters in coal and coaly shale.Coal SOGP was characterized by a lower Ts/Tm and C31-homohopane22S/(22S+22R)and a higher Pr/nC17 compared to coal TOGP,while the aromatic parameter methyl diben-zothiophene ratio(MDR)exhibited coaly shale TOGP was higher than coaly shale SOGP than coaly TOGP than coaly SOGP,and coal trimethylnaphthalene ratio(TNR)was lower than coaly shale TNR.Thus,we established oil generation processes and discriminative plates.In this way,we distinguished the differ-ences between oil generation parent maceral,oil generation time,and oil production of coaly source rocks,and therefore,we provided important support for the evaluation,prediction,and exploration of oil resources from global ancient coaly source rocks.
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    Distribution and geochemical significance of alkylbenzenes for crude oil with different depositional environments and thermal maturities

    Bing-Kun MengDao-Fu SongYuan ChenSheng-Bao Shi...
    777-790页
    查看更多>>摘要：A total of 45 alkylbenzenes were detected and identified in crude oils with different depositional en-vironments and thermal maturities from the Tarim Basin,Beibuwan Basin,and Songliao Basin using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC × GC-TOFMS).By analyzing the distribution characteristics of Co-C5 alkylbenzenes,it is found that the content of some alkylbenzenes varies greatly in crude oils.Based on the distribution characteristics of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene(TeMB)and 1,2,3,4-TeMB,the ratio of 1,2,4,5-TeMB to 1,2,3,4-TeMB is proposed to indicate the organic matter origin and depositional environment of ancient sediments.Oil samples originated mainly from lower hydrobiont,algae,bacteria and source rocks deposited under reducing/anoxic conditions have low 1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB values(less than 0.6),while oil samples originated mainly from terrestrial higher plants and source rocks deposited under oxic/sub-oxic conditions have higher 1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB values(greater than 1.0).The significant difference of 1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB values is controlled by 1,2,4,5-TeMB content.1,2,4,5-TeMB content in oils derived from source rocks deposited in oxidized sedimentary environment(greater than 1.0 mg/g whole oil)is higher than that in oils from source rocks deposited in reduced sedimentary environment(less than 1.0 mg/g whole oil).1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB ratio might not or slightly be affected by evaporative fractionation,biodegradation and thermal maturity.1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB ratio and 1,2,4,5-TeMB content can be used as supplementary parameter for the identification of sedimentary environment and organic matter input.It should be noted that compared to the identification of organic matter sources,the 1,2,4,5-/1,2,3,4-TeMB parameter is more effective in identifying sedimentary environments.
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    Development characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in lacustrine shale and their geological significance for evaluating shale oil sweet spots in the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

    Xu ZengTao YangJian-Wei FengCong-Sheng Bian...
    791-805页
    查看更多>>摘要：Natural fractures are critical for shale oil and gas enrichment and development.Due to the extremely high heterogeneity of shale,the factors controlling the formation of internal fractures,especially hori-zontal fractures,remain controversial.In this study,we integrate thin section analysis and micro-computed tomography(CT)data from several lacustrine shale samples from the third member(Es3)of the Shahejie Formation,Qikou Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,to assess the fractures in detail.The goal is to reveal the development characteristics,controlling factors,and geological significance for evaluating sweet spots in a shale oil play.The fractures in the Es3 contain high-angle structural and horizontal bed-parallel fractures that are mostly shear and extensional.Various factors influence fracture development,including lithofacies,mineral composition,organic matter content,and the number of laminae.Struc-tural fractures occur predominantly in siltstone,whereas bed-parallel fractures are abundant in lami-nated shale and layered mudstone.A higher quartz content results in higher shale brittleness,causing fractures,whereas the transformation between clay minerals contributes to the development of bed-parallel fractures.Excess pore pressure due to hydrocarbon generation and expulsion during thermal advance can cause the formation of bed-parallel fractures.The density of the bed-parallel and structural fractures increases with the lamina density,and the bed-parallel fractures are more sensitive to the number of laminae.The fractures are critical storage spaces and flow conduits and are indicative of sweet spots.The laminated shale in the Es3 with a high organic matter content contains natural fractures and is an organic-rich,liquid-rich,self-sourced shale play.Conversely,the siltstone,massive mudstone,and argillaceous carbonate lithofacies contain lower amounts of organic matter and do not have bed-parallel fractures.However,good reservoirs can form in these areas when structural fractures are present and the source,and storage spaces are separated.
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    Depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex of the Dengying Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin,SW China:Implications for the Ediacaran microbial mound construction and hydrocarbon exploration

    Jin-Min SongXin JinZhong LuoShu-Gen Liu...
    806-822页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin,SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing.The microfacies,construction types,and deposi-tional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography,outcrop section investigation,thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin.The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite,dendrolite,stromatolite,fenestral stromatolite,spongiostromata stone,oncolite,aggregated grainstone,and botryoidal grapestone.Based on the comprehensive analysis of"depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies",an association between a fore mound,mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth,current direction,energy level and lithologic assemblages.The microfacies of the mound base,mound core,mound flank,mound cap,and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies.Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location,mound scale,migration direction,and sedimentary facies association.Type Jinkouhe microbial mound con-structions(TJMMCs)develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound,with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area.Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs)primarily occur on the leeward margin,resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies,with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat.The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section,which can provide references for future worldwide exploration.Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin,while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.
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    Stratigraphic framework and sedimentary evolution during the Cryogenian-Ediacaran transition in northeastern Sichuan Basin,South China

    Yi ZhangHong-Wei KuangYong-Qing LiuQiang Shi...
    823-835页
    查看更多>>摘要：The northeastern Sichuan area in the northern Yangtze margin has unique Ediacaran geological records,especially the Doushantuo Formation(DST),and become a hot research area in recent years.However,the Cryogenian-Ediacaran(C-E)boundary has not been precisely identified,which restricts the in-depth study of geological information during this crucial transitional period and is unfavorable for a systematic and complete understanding of the Yangtze Block and even the global paleogeographic pattern.This study conducted stratigraphy,sedimentology,and chronostratigraphy to establish the stratigraphic framework and sedimentary evolution of the C-E transition strata in northeastern Sichuan.The results showed that the Ediacaran sediments,without the cap dolomite,unconformably overlaid the Cryogenian sediments in the studied area.The Member Ⅱ of the DST,characterized by 50-160 m of red-green sandstone(approximately equivalent to the original Chengkou"Guanyinya Formation"),directly over-laid the Cryogenian sediments and displayed a 623±2.3 Ma maximum depositional age from the detrital zircon U-Pb dating.Regional stratigraphic correlations indicate that the C-E transition strata in north-eastern Sichuan had a consistent lithological association and sedimentary sequence characteristics but differed from the Three Gorges.Typically,the upper Nantuo massive glacial diamictites transition to the icebergs rafted lonestone-bearing mudstones at the top,then change upward to DST barrier coast sandstones.The proposed DST of the northeastern Sichuan Basin was divided into three lithostratigraphic members without the regional Member Ⅰ cap dolomite:(ⅰ)Member Ⅱ purple-red,gray-green sandstone strata,(ⅱ)Member Ⅲ black mudstone strata,and(iii)Member Ⅳ P-Mn bearing strata.During the C-E transition,the study area experienced(ⅰ)the global deglaciation stage in the terminal Marinoan glaci-ation and(ⅱ)the filling-leveling up stage with clastic rocks in the early Ediacaran.Overall,the early Ediacaran of northeastern Sichuan succeeded the paleogeographic features of the late Cryogenian.
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    The coupling control of biological precursors and environmental factors on β-carotane enrichment in alkaline lacustrine source rocks:A case study from the Fengcheng formation in the western Junggar Basin,NW China

    Mao-Guo HouMing ZhaHua LiuHai-Lei Liu...
    836-854页
    查看更多>>摘要：The organic-rich mudstones and dolostones of the Permian Fengcheng Formation(Fm.)are typically alkaline lacustrine source rocks,which are typified by impressively abundant β-carotane.Abundant β-carotane has been well acknowledged as an effective indicator of biological sources or depositional environments.However,the specific biological sources of β-carotane and the coupling control of bio-logical sources and environmental factors on the enrichment of β-carotane in the Fengcheng Fm.remains obscure.Based on a comprehensive investigation of the bulk,molecular geochemistry,and organic petrology of sedimentary rocks and the biochemistry of phytoplankton in modern alkaline lakes,we proposed a new understanding of the biological precursors of β-carotane and elucidated the enrichment mechanism of β-carotane in the Fengcheng Fm.The results show that the biological precursors crucially control the enrichment of β-carotane in the Fengcheng Fm.The haloalkaliphilic cyanobacteria are the primary biological sources of β-carotane,which is suggested by a good positive correlation between the 2-methylhopane index,7-+8-methyl heptadecanes/Cmax,C29％,and β-carotane/Cmax in sedimentary rocks and the predominance of cyanobacteria with abundant β-carotene in modern alkaline lakes.The enrichment of β-carotane requires the reducing condition,and the paleoredox state that affects the enrichment of β-carotane appears to have a threshold.The paleoclimate conditions do not considerably impact the enrichment of β-carotane,but they have some influence on the water's paleosalinity by affecting evaporation and precipitation.While it does not directly affect the enrichment of β-carotane in the Fengcheng Fm.,paleosalinity does have an impact on the cyanobacterial precursor supply and the preservation conditions.
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    Quantitative characterizations of anisotropic dynamic properties in organic-rich shale with different kerogen content

    Jian-Yong XieYan-Ping FangXing-Hua WuJian'er Zhao...
    855-865页
    查看更多>>摘要：Understanding the quantitative responses of anisotropic dynamic properties in organic-rich shale with different kerogen content(KC)is of great significance in hydrocarbon exploration and development.Conducting controlled experiments with a single variable is challenging for natural shales due to their high variations in components,diagenesis conditions,or pore fluid.We employed the hot-pressing technique to construct 11 well-controlled artificial shale with varying KC.These artificial shale sam-ples were successive machined into prismatic shape for ultrasonic measurements along different di-rections.Observations revealed bedding perpendicular P-wave velocities are more sensitive to the increasing KC than bedding paralleling velocities due to the preferential alignments of kerogen.All elastic stiffnesses except C13 are generally decreasing with the increasing KC,the variation of C11 and C33 on kerogen content are more sensitive than those of C44 and C66.Apparent dynamic mechanical parameters(ν and E)were found to have linear correlation with the true ones from complete anisotropic equations independent of KC,which hold value towards the interpretation of well logs consistently across for-mations.Anisotropic mechanical parameters(△E and brittleness △B)tend to decrease with the reducing KC,with △B showing great sensitivity to KC variations.In the range of low KC(＜10％),the VP/Vs ratio demonstrated a linearly negative correlation with KC,and the VP/Vs ratio magnitude of less than 1.75 may serve as a significant characterization for highly organic-rich(＞10％)shale,compilation of data from natural organic rich-shales globally verified the similar systematic relationships that can be empirically used to predict the fraction of KC in shales.
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    Accurate simulations of pure-viscoacoustic wave propagation in tilted transversely isotropic media

    Qiang MaoJian-Ping HuangXin-Ru MuJi-Dong Yang...
    866-884页
    查看更多>>摘要：Forward modeling of seismic wave propagation is crucial for the realization of reverse time migration(RTM)and full waveform inversion(FWI)in attenuating transversely isotropic media.To describe the attenuation and anisotropy properties of subsurface media,the pure-viscoacoustic anisotropic wave equations are established for wavefield simulations,because they can provide clear and stable wave-fields.However,due to the use of several approximations in deriving the wave equation and the introduction of a fractional Laplacian approximation in solving the derived equation,the wavefields simulated by the previous pure-viscoacoustic tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)wave equations has low accuracy.To accurately simulate wavefields in media with velocity anisotropy and attenuation anisot-ropy,we first derive a new pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation from the exact complex-valued dispersion formula in viscoelastic vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media.Then,we present the hybrid finite-difference and low-rank decomposition(HFDLRD)method to accurately solve our proposed pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation.Theoretical analysis and numerical examples suggest that our pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equation has higher accuracy than previous pure-viscoacoustic TTI wave equations in describing qP-wave kinematic and attenuation characteristics.Additionally,the numerical experiment in a simple two-layer model shows that the HFDLRD technique outperforms the hybrid finite-difference and pseudo-spectral(HFDPS)method in terms of accuracy of wavefield modeling.
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