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园艺学报（英文版）
园艺学报（英文版）
园艺学报（英文版）/CSTPCDSCI
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    Resistance index and browning mechanism of apple peel under high temperature stress

    Hui WangShuhui ZhangZidun WangDongmei Li...
    305-317页
    查看更多>>摘要：Apples are one of the most important economic crops worldwide.Because of global warming and an aggravation of environmental,abnormally high temperatures occur frequently in fruit-growing season and seriously affect normal fruit growth and reduce fruit quality and yield.We took five-year-old'Ruixue'(Qinfu 1 × Pink Lady;CNA20151469.1)fruits as test materials,and the ambient temperature during fruit development was monitored.The results showed that during the fruit-growing season,especially during the rapid growth stage(July to August),the maximum daily temperature exceeded 30 ℃ and lasted for more than 40 days.To determine the effects of high temperature stress on the apple fruit resistance,we treated expanding,veraison,and maturity-period fruits at different temperatures.It was found that the fruits of the expanding period showed strong resistance to high temperature stress,whereas during veraison and maturity,fruit resistance to high temperature stress decreased,and the fruit peel browning phenotype appeared.Meanwhile,the content of malonaldehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H2O2),and superoxide anion(O2)in the peel gradually increased with increasing temperature.The content of total phenols,flavanol,and flavonoids in the peel decreased substantially at 45 ℃.Moreover,it was found that polyphenol oxidase gene(MdPPO1)was most sensitive to high temperature stress in apple.Furthermore,transient and stable MdPPO1 overexpression significantly promoted peel browning.The transgenic materials were more sensitive to high temperatures,and browning was more severe compared to non-genetically modified or-ganism(WT).Stable MdPPO1 knockout calli obtained via clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats(CRISPR/Cas9)gene knockout technology reduced the browning phenotype,and the resultant fruits were not sensitive to the effects of high temperature stress.Thus,MdPPO1 expression may be a key factor of high temperature-related changes observed in the browning phenotype that provides a scientific theoretical basis for the selection of high temperature-resistant varieties and apple cultivation and management in the future.
      原文链接:
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    Genomic selection of eight fruit traits in pear

    Manyi SunMingyue ZhangSatish KumarMengfan Qin...
    318-326页
    查看更多>>摘要：Genomic selection(GS)has the potential to improve selection efficiency and shorten the breeding cycle in fruit tree breeding.In this study,we evaluated the effect of prediction methods,marker density and the training population(TP)size on pear GS for improving its performance and reducing cost.We evaluated GS under two scenarios:(1)five-fold cross-validation in an interspecific pear family;(2)independent vali-dation.Based on the cross-validation scheme,the prediction accuracy(PA)of eight fruit traits varied between 0.33(fruit core vertical diameter)and 0.65(stone cell content).Except for single fruit weight,a slightly better prediction accuracy(PA)was observed for the five parametrical methods compared with the two non-parametrical methods.In our TP of 310 individuals,2 000 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers were sufficient to make reasonably accurate predictions.PAs for different traits increased by 18.21％-46.98％when the TP size increased from 50 to 100,but the increment was smaller(-4.13％-33.91％)when the TP size increased from 200 to 250.For independent validation,the PAs ranged from 0.11 to 0.45 using rrBLUP method.In summary,our results showed that the TP size and SNP numbers had a greater impact on the PA than prediction methods.Furthermore,relatedness among the training and validation sets,and the complexity of traits should be considered when designing a TP to predict the test panel.
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    Genome-wide identification and characterization of the PbrATG family in Pyrus bretschneideri and functional analysis of PbrATG1a in response to Botryosphaeria dothidea

    Yun WangXun SunZhenwu ZhangZhihua Xie...
    327-340页
    查看更多>>摘要：The pear is an economic fruit that is widely planted around the world and is loved by people for its rich nutritional value.Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism in eukaryotes,and its occurrence often accompanied by the degradation of damaged substances in cells and the recycling of nutrients.Autophagy is one of the mechanisms through which plants respond to environmental stress and plays an important role in plant development and stress resistance.Functional studies of autophagy-related genes(ATGs)have been performed on a variety of plant species,but little information is available on the ATG family in pear(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd).Therefore,we analyzed the evolu-tionary dynamics and performed a genome-wide characterization of the PbrATG gene family.A total of 28 PbrATG members were identified.Phylogenetic analysis showed that PbrATGs were more closely related to ATGs of European pear and apple.Evolutionary analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD)and dispersed duplication events were the main driving forces of PbrATG family expansion.Expression analysis of different pear tissues showed that all the genes were expressed in different pear tissues,and different PbrATGs are expressed at different times and in different locations.Moreover,all PbrATGs also responded to different abiotic stresses,especially salt and drought stress,which elicited the highest expression levels.Pear seedlings were subsequently infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea(B.dothidea).The results showed that different PbrATGs had different expression patterns at different infection stages.According to the gene expression data,PbrATG1a was selected as a key autophagy gene for further analysis.Silencing of PbrATG1a reduced the resistance of pear to B.dothidea,which resulted in increased lesions,reactive oxygen species(ROS)contents,antioxidant enzyme activity,and gene expression levels in the silenced pear seedlings after B.dothidea inoculation.In this study,a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of ATGs was conducted,and the functions of PbrATGs in pear development and in response to stress were elucidated,which laid a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of autophagy and a new strategy for pear resistance breeding.
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    PbrARF4 contributes to calyx shedding of fruitlets in'Dangshan Suli'pear by partly regulating the expression of abscission genes

    Guoling GuoPengfei WeiTao YuHaiyan Zhang...
    341-354页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fruitlet calyx shedding in pear plants is apparently regulated via numerous pathways that involve both environmental triggers and phy-tohormones cues such as auxin.In this study,we found at 10 days after full bloom(DAFB)higher levels of indoleacetic acid(IAA)and tryp-tophan(Trp)in calyx persistence fruitlet(CPF)than calyx shedding fruitlet(CSF)of'Danshan Suli'pear(Pyrus bretschneideri Rhed.).Consisting with this,the activity of indolealdehyde oxidase(IAAIdO),which promotes IAA synthesis,was remarkably increased,and that of peroxidase(POD),which degrades IAA,dropped markedly in CPF but not in CSF.Further,qRT-PCR results revealed that most of 31 PbrARFs(encoding auxin response factors)in Pyrus bretschneideri were highly expressed in CPF,whereas PbrARF4,PbrARF24 and PbrARF26 were significantly down-regulated in CPF vis-a-vis CSF.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 6 PbrARFs clustered in the group Ⅲ,where PbrARF4 showed the closest affinity with AtARF1 that promotes organ abscission,indicating a putative role of PbrARF4 in mediating the process of calyx shedding in pear.In fact,the ectopic overexpression of PbrARF4 in Solarium lycopersicum resulted in an earlier-formed and deeper abscission layer(AL)in the transgenic plants,whose calyxes were more prone to wilt at the mature red stage(MR)compared with the control plants(wild-type).More importantly,expression levels of the abscission genes SlLS and SlCel2 in transgenic plants overexpressing PbrARF4 were significantly up-regulated in comparation with the WT,whereas those of SlBI and SlTAPG2 were considerably inhibited.Further,PbrJOINTLESS and PbrIDA,the two genes related to calyx shedding in pear,were up-regulated more in CSF than CPF.The findings contribute to a better understanding of PbrARFs involved in fruitlet calyx shedding of pear,which could prove beneficial to improving the quality of pear fruit.
      原文链接:
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    Insights into the dwarfing mechanism of pear(Pyrus betulaefolia)based on anatomical and structural analysis using X-ray scanning

    Lili DongChuxuan YangJing WangJingjing Li...
    355-366页
    查看更多>>摘要：The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production,which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism.In the present study,the rootstock of the dwarf-type pear(Pyrus betulaefolia)'PY-9'was identified and used as the material for anatomical analysis.'PY-9'grew to half the tree height of the normal cultivar'Zhengdu',along with fewer internodes and shorter length.Significant differences in growth rate between'PY-9'and'Zhengdu'were detected at approximately 30 days after full bloom,which corresponded with the time of the greatest difference in water potential between the dwarf and normal cultivar.'PY-9'showed a higher photosynthetic rate than'Zhengdu'.Anatomical analysis showed that'PY-9'had higher area ratios of both phloem and xylem and more developed vascular tissues than'Zhengdu'.The three-dimensional reconstructed skeleton of the xylem from X-ray computed tomography scanning revealed greater intervessel connectivity in'Zhengdu'than in'PY-9',which could contribute to the more vigorous growth of'Zhengdu'.This study thus provides the first comparison of the microstructural properties of xylem elements between a dwarfing-type and vigorous-type pear rootstock,providing new insights into the dwarfing mechanism in pear and facilitating breeding of dwarf pear rootstocks to increase crop productivity.
      原文链接:
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    Genomic analysis provides insights into the westward expansion of domesticated peaches in China

    Wenqing LiYong LiXinwei WangGuoqing Zhao...
    367-375页
    查看更多>>摘要：Peach,an economically important model plant of the Rosaceae family,has been domesticated and cultivated in China for approximately 5 000 years.The Hexi Corridor,an important corridor connecting east-central China and the Tarim Basin,is the starting point of the Silk Road that links China and the Eurasian region.As a globally distributed fruit tree,the spread of peach was accomplished through historical trade routes in the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin.However,knowledge of peach genetic diversity in these regions remains limited.In this study,we examined the relationships and the spread history of domesticated peaches through sequencing and genomic analysis of 161 peach ac-cessions collected from Northwest China,including 43 from the Hexi Corridor and 104 from the Tarim Basin.The results indicate that peach landraces in the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin are derivatives of peaches from the east and south of China(ESC).Notably,the genetic diversity of accessions from both the Hexi Corridor and the Tarim Basin was lower than that of ESC accessions.Reduction of diversity(ROD)and linkage disequilibrium(LD)analyses detected a genetic bottleneck in peaches from these regions.Additionally,these peaches have undergone varying degrees of selection from natural environment.Moreover,genes responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses were under selection,which could be the result of the climate change of Northwest China after the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM).Our findings provide a better under-standing of the genetic basis of peach migration in Northwest China.Furthermore,this study expands the available genomic data for peaches and provides critical information for future peach breeding programs.
      原文链接:
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    A study of the soil water potential threshold values to trigger irrigation of'Shimizu Hakuto'peach at pivotal fruit developmental stages

    Yusui LouYuepeng HanYubin MiaoHongquan Shang...
    376-386页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water management is an important practice that affects fruit size and quality.Effective implementation of irrigation scheduling requires knowledge of the appropriate indicators and thresholds,which are established manly based on the effects of water deficits on final fruit quality.Few studies have focused on the real-time effects of water status on fruit and shoot growth.To establish soil water potential(ψsoil)thresholds to trigger irrigation of peach at pivotal fruit developmental stages,photogrammetry,13C labelling,and other techniques were used in this study to investigate real-time changes in stem diameter,fruit projected area,net leaf photosynthetic rate(Pn),and allocation of photoassimilates to fruit under soil water potential conditions ranging from saturation to stress in 6-year-old'Shimizu hakuto'peach.Stem growth,fruit growth,and Pn exhibited gradually decreasing sensitivity to water deficits during fruit developmental stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ.Stem diameter growth was signifi-cantly inhibited when ψsoil dropped to-8.5,-7.6,and-5.4 kPa,respectively.Fruit growth rate was low,reaching zero when the ψsoil was-9.0 to-23.1,-14.9 to-21.4,and-16.5 to-23.3 kPa,respectively,and Pn decreased significantly when the ψsoil reached-24.2,-22.7,and-20.4 kPa,respectively.In addition,more photoassimilates were allocated to fruit under moderate ψsoil conditions(-10.1 to-17.0 kPa)than under otherψsoil values.Our results revealed three ψsoil thresholds,-10.0,-15.0,and-15.0 kPa,suitable for triggering irrigation during stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ,respectively.These thresholds can be helpful for controlling excessive tree vigor,maintaining rapid fruit growth and leaf photosynthesis,and promoting the allocation of more photoassimilates to fruit.
      原文链接:
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    Construction of apricot variety search engine based on deep learning

    Chen ChenLin WangHuimin LiuJing Liu...
    387-397页
    查看更多>>摘要：Apricot has a long history of cultivation and has many varieties and types.The traditional variety identification methods are time-consuming and labor-consuming,posing grand challenges to apricot resource management.Tool development in this regard will help re-searchers quickly identify variety information.This study photographed apricot fruits outdoors and indoors and constructed a dataset that can precisely classify the fruits using a U-net model(F-score:99％),which helps to obtain the fruit's size,shape,and color features.Meanwhile,a variety search engine was constructed,which can search and identify variety from the database according to the above features.Besides,a mobile and web application(ApricotView)was developed,and the construction mode can be also applied to other varieties of fruit trees.Additionally,we have collected four difficult-to-identify seed datasets and used the VGG16 model for training,with an accuracy of 97％,which provided an important basis for ApricotView.To address the difficulties in data collection bottlenecking apricot phenomics research,we developed the first apricot database platform of its kind(ApricotDIAP,http://apricotdiap.com/)to accumulate,manage,and publicize scientific data of apricot.
      原文链接:
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    AcWRKY28 mediated activation of AcCPK genes confers salt tolerance in pineapple(Ananas comosus)

    Qiao ZhouSamaranayaka Vidana Gamage Nirosha PriyadarshaniRongjuan QinHan Cheng...
    398-412页
    查看更多>>摘要：Unfavorable environmental cues severely affect crop productivity resulting in significant economic losses to farmers.In plants,multiple regulatory genes,such as the WRKY transcription factor(TF)family,modulate the expression of defense genes.However,the role of the pineapple WRKY genes is poorly understood.Here,we studied the pineapple WRKY gene,AcWRKY28,by generating AcWRKY28 over-expressing transgenic pineapple plants.Overexpression of AcWRKY28 enhanced the salt stress resistance in transgenic pineapple lines.Comparative transcriptome analysis of transgenic and wild-type pineapple plants showed that"plant-pathogen interaction"pathway genes,including 9 calcium-dependent protein kinases(CPKs),were up-regulated in AcWRKY28 over-expressing plants.Furthermore,chromatin immunoprecip-itation and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed AcCPK12,AcCPK3,AcCPK8,AcCPK1,and AcCPK15 as direct targets of AcWRKY28.Consistently,the study of AcCPK12 over-expressing Arabidopsis lines showed that AcCPK12 enhances salt,drought,and disease resistance.This study shows that AcWRKY28 plays a crucial role in promoting salt stress resistance by activating the expression of AcCPK genes.
      原文链接:
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    • NSTL
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    Shikimic acid accelerates phase change and flowering in Chinese jujube

    Xianwei MengZhiguo LiuLi DaiWeiqiang Zhao...
    413-424页
    查看更多>>摘要：The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown.Shikimic acid(ShA)pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change.So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying.Here,the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses,were clarified.A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube('Yuhong'x'Xing 16')phase change.The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway(ZjDAHPS,ZjDHQS and ZjSDH),the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period.Further,the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration(60 mg·L1)can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis,tomato and wheat.The exogenous ShA(60 mg·L-1)treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA,enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids,and promote the expression of genes(ZjCOs,ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs)involved in flowering pathway.Basing on above results,we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change,and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous,ubiquitous,movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations.This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.
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    • NSTL
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