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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）
中国科学:地球科学（英文版）

周光召

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1674-7313

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010-64019820

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中国科学:地球科学（英文版）/Journal Science China(Earth Sciences)CSCDEISCI
查看更多>>《中国科学》是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学专业性学术刊物。《中国科学》任务是反映中国自然科学各学科中的最新科研成果，以促进国内外的学术交流。《中国科学》以论文形式报道中国基础研究和应用研究方面具有创造性的、高水平的和有重要意义的科研成果。在国际学术界，《中国科学》作为代表中国最高水平的学术刊物也受到高度重视。国际上最具有权威的检索刊物SCI，多年来一直收录《中国科学》的论文。1999年《中国科学》夺得国家期刊奖的第一名。
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    Resolving controversies surrounding carbon sinks from carbonate weathering

    Xiaoyong BAISirui ZHANGPete SMITHChaojun LI...
    2705-2717页
    查看更多>>摘要：The importance of carbonate weathering carbon sinks(CCSs)is almost equal to that of vegetation photosynthesis in the global carbon cycle.However,CCSs have become controversial in formulating carbon neutral policies to deal with global climate problems in various countries,since the carbonate dissolution is reversible.In order to address these controversies,we reviewed recent advances in understanding CCSs and examined the outstanding controversies surrounding them.We have analyzed the five controversies,revealing the existence of CCSs,quantifying their magnitude,clarifying their spatiotemporal pattern,and documenting how they have increased and how they evolved under the background of global change.By addressing these five controversies,we help to bring clarity to the role of CCSs in the carbon cycle of global terrestrial ecosystems.
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    Progress of vegetation modelling and future research prospects

    Siqi LIXu ZHANGZhengyao LUJian NI...
    2718-2738页
    查看更多>>摘要：Terrestrial vegetation is a crucial component of the Earth system,and its changes not only represent one of the most distinct aspects of climate change but also exert significant feedback within the climate system by exchanging energy,moisture,and carbon dioxide.To quantitatively and mechanistically study climate-vegetation feedback,numerical vegetation models have been developed on the theory of ecophysiological constraints on plant functional types.The models eventually can simulate vegetation distribution and succession across different spatial and temporal scales,and associated terrestrial carbon cycle processes by categorizing vegetation into biomes according different plant functional types and their associated environmental factors.Here we review the developing history of vegetation models and provide recent advances and future directions.Before 21st century,static vegetation models,as developed statistical models,can only simulate equilibrated characteristics of vege-tation distribution.In last several decades,Dynamic Global Vegetation Models(DGVMs)have been developed to simulate instantaneous responses of vegetation to climate change and associated dynamics,and can be coupled with Earth system models to investigate interactions among atmosphere,ocean,and land.DGVMs are also widely applied to investigate the dynamics accounting for changes in the geographic distribution patterns of land surface vegetation at different spatial and temporal scales and to assess the impacts of terrestrial carbon and water fluxes and land use changes.We suggest that future vegetation modeling could integrate with machine learning,and explore vegetation transient response and feedback as well as impacts of process hierarchies and human activities on climate and ecosystem.
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    Kinetic scale magnetic holes in the terrestrial magnetosheath:A review

    Quanqi SHIShutao YAOMaria HAMRINJi LIU...
    2739-2771页
    查看更多>>摘要：Magnetic holes at the ion-to-electron kinetic scale(KSMHs)are one of the extremely small intermittent structures generated in turbulent magnetized plasmas.In recent years,the explorations of KSMHs have made substantial strides,driven by the ultra-high-precision observational data gathered from the Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS)mission.This review paper summarizes the up-to-date characteristics of the KSMHs observed in Earth's turbulent magnetosheath,as well as their potential impacts on space plasma.This review starts by introducing the fundamental properties of the KSMHs,including observational features,particle behaviors,scales,geometries,and distributions in terrestrial space.Researchers have discovered that KSMHs display a quasi-circular electron vortex-like structure attributed to electron diamagnetic drift.These electrons exhibit noticeable non-gyrotropy and undergo acceleration.The occurrence rate of KSMH in the Earth's magnetosheath is significantly greater than in the solar wind and magnetotail,suggesting the turbulent magnetosheath is a primary source region.Additionally,KSMHs have also been generated in turbulence simulations and successfully reproduced by the kinetic equilibrium models.Furthermore,KSMHs have demonstrated their ability to accelerate electrons by a novel non-adiabatic electron acceleration mechanism,serve as an additional avenue for energy dissipation during magnetic reconnection,and generate diverse wave phenomena,including whistler waves,electrostatic solitary waves,and electron cyclotron waves in space plasma.These results highlight the magnetic hole's impact such as wave-particle interaction,energy cascade/dissipation,and particle acceleration/heating in space plasma.We end this paper by summarizing these discoveries,discussing the generation mechanism,similar structures,and observations in the Earth's magnetotail and solar wind,and presenting a future extension perspective in this active field.
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    The response of Martian photoelectron boundary to the 2018 global dust storm

    Yuqi WANGJun CUIYong WEIZhaopeng WU...
    2772-2782页
    查看更多>>摘要：Extensive research efforts have revealed that the Martian dust storms can perturb the upper atmospheric condition and as a consequence,enhance plasma density and photoelectron flux in the ionosphere.However,previous observational studies of the Martian dust storm impacts have been restricted to regions below 400 km,which limits our understanding of the Martian dust storm effects in the upper ionosphere and magnetosphere.Here,based on the suprathermal electron measurements made by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution,we identify with an automatic procedure the occurrences of all photoelectron boundary(PEB)crossings at solar zenith angle below 120°(with a dust-free median altitude of about 600 km).Using the dayside PEB as a proxy of the upper ionospheric and magnetospheric condition,we analyze the variations of the PEB altitude during the 2018 global dust storm(GDS)of Mars Year 34(MY34)and compare them with the period in MY33 when there was no global dust storm.We conclude that the column dust optical depth(CDOD)emerges as one of the main driving factors for PEB altitude variations during the GDS.Our analysis implies that the GDS can affect the Martian upper atmosphere and ionosphere over considerable distances and extended time scales.
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    Structure of the mantle transition zone in the central and western parts of the North China Craton using the receiver function 3D Kirchhoff migration method

    Min ZHUQingju WUJieyuan NINGRuiqing ZHANG...
    2783-2795页
    查看更多>>摘要：Using data from the regional broadband dense temporary array deployed by the ChinArray project,we applied the three-dimensional(3D)Kirchhoff migration method of the teleseismic P-wave receiver function to investigate discontinuity structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)in the central and western parts of the North China Craton(NCC)using a high-resolution 3D velocity model of the East Asian region.The results show that the 410-km discontinuity beneath the Datong Volcano is depressed by～10 km,indicating the presence of a high-temperature anomaly near the depth of 410 km,which is likely related to small-scale mantle upwelling caused by the dehydration of the stagnant Pacific Plate in the MTZ.The upwelling of hot material provides a heat source for surface magmatic activity.Beneath the Bohai Bay Basin,significant subsidence of the 660-km discontinuity is observed,and the transition zone here is extensively thickened.It's suggested that the anomalies in this region are related to the stagnation of the Pacific slab in the MTZ.Although the thickness of the transition zone west of the North-South Gravity Lineament appears normal,we propose that the subducting front of the Pacific slab did not cross the gravity lineament in the NCC.In comparison,the small-scale subsidence of the 660-km discontinuity and the thickening of the MTZ observed north of the Hannuoba Volcano likely indicate that the slab crossed the gravity lineament at its turning point and remained in the MTZ.Furthermore,a local thickening of the MTZ is observed in the Dabie orogenic belt of the Qinling Mountains.This is believed to be a combined effect of lithospheric delamination into the transition zone in the lower Yangtze region and the stagnation of the Pacific Plate.
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    Geophysical evidence of large-scale silica-rich fluid flow above the continental subduction interface

    Yuantong MAOLiang ZHAOMarco G.MALUSÀStefano SOLARINO...
    2796-2809页
    查看更多>>摘要：Fluids in subduction zones can have major effects on subduction dynamics.However,geophysical constraints on the scale and impact of fluid flow during continental subduction are still limited.Here we analyze the VP/VS ratios in the Western Alpine region,hosting one of the best-preserved fossil continental subduction zones worldwide,to investigate the impact of fluid flow during continental subduction.We found a belt of high VP/VS ratios＞1.9 on the upper-plate side of the subduction zone,consistent with a partially serpentinized upper-plate mantle,and a belt of unusually low VP/VS ratios＜1.7 on the lower-plate side,at depths shallower than 30 km.We propose that these low VP/VS ratios result from a widespread network of silica-rich veins,indicating past fluid flow along the continental subduction interface.Our results suggest that past fluid flow may have reduced the effective stress along the subduction interface thus favoring continental subduction.
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    Relationship between seismic structures and the diverse rupture processes of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet

    Zhi WANGYi FUShunping PEI
    2810-2823页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recent geodetic and seismological observations of two major earthquakes in southeastern Türkiye in February 2023 have revealed complex rupture initiation,propagation,and segmentation along the East Anatolian Fault Zone(EAFZ)and surrounding regions.However,the role of upper crust structures along the EAFZ in determining the diverse rupture processes of this earthquake doublet remains unclear.To further investigate this,we employed double-difference location and seismic tomography techniques to determine high-resolution seismic velocities(VP,VS)and Poisson's ratio(σ)structures using a multi-parameterjoint tomographic algorithm.Our dataset includes 100,833 high-quality source-receiver travel-time pairs of P-and S-waves.We find that the unique rupture processes of this earthquake doublet were primarily influenced by contrasting crustal seismic structures and localized geological settings.The Mw7.8 mainshock was initiated within a transitional edge zone char-acterized by a rigid part(asperity)of the seismogenic zone with sharp contrast variations in rock strength ranging from low to high along the EAFZ.In comparison,the Mw7.6 rupture originated in a ductile belt featuring fluid saturation with low-VP,low-VS,and high-σ values that extended parallel to the Çardak Fault.The pronounced contrast structures observed along the former rupture can be attributed to the oblique collision system between the weakened section of the east Anatolian plateau and the brittle Arabian platform,while the latter rupture was initiated within the ductile structure associated with fluid intrusion caused by the northward subduction of the Cyprus slab and subsequent detachment.Furthermore,the occurrence of the first earthquake(E1)serves to alleviate shear stress on the second earthquake(E2)fault,potentially impeding the initiation of an E2 rupture.On the contrary,this event also significantly reduces the normal stress acting on the E2 fault due to a double left-lateral strike-slip system within a triangular region.This reduction not only results in a decrease of fault friction force and an increase in rock porosity but also induces lower strain drops and the redistribution of Coulomb stress,thereby contributing to the initiation of the E2 event.The proposed rupture pattern exceeds the conventional model that governs individual earthquake ruptures,offering new insights for mitigating potential seismic disasters in Türkiye.The lessons learned from this doublet event can contribute to reevaluating the ongoing risk of damaging earthquakes in China's South-North Seismic Zone or other regions worldwide with comparable geological conditions.
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    Identification of carbonates with high positive carbon isotope excursion from the Liaohe Group in the northeastern North China Craton and implications for the Lomagundi-Jatuli Event

    Hongyu WANGShuanhong ZHANGSen WANGLinghao KONG...
    2824-2844页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Great Oxidation Event(GOE)during the early Paleoproterozoic represents the first significant buildup in Earth's atmospheric oxygen and resulted in a series of significant changes in the Earth's surface environment.Among them is the 2.22(or 2.33)-2.06 Ga Lomagundi-Jatuli Event(LJE),which is globally,the largest magnitude and longest duration,marine car-bonate positive carbon isotope excursion(δ13Cv-PDB＞10‰)known.This event has attracted the attention of scholars all over the world.However,except for a high positive carbon isotope excursion(δ13Cv-PDB＞10‰)recently identified from marine carbonate rocks within the Daposhan Formation in the lower Fanhe Group(or the Sanchazi Group)in the Longgang Block in the northeast North China Craton(NCC),Paleoproterozoic carbonates in the NCC are characterized by a low-amplitude positive carbon isotope excursion(δ13Cv-PDB＜5‰).This feature is significantly different from the high positive carbon isotope excursion characteristics of carbonates deposited during the LJE period in other cratons.To determine whether there are large-scale and reliable sedimentary records of the LJE in the NCC and the reasons for the low positive δ13C excursion of the Paleoproterozoic carbonates obtained by the previous studies,we conducted field investigations,carbon-oxygen isotopes,and whole-rock major and trace element geochemical analyses of Liaohe Group carbonate rocks from the Anshan area in the northwestern margin of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the northeast NCC.Our results show that the Gaojiayu Formation of the Liaohe Group in the Anshan area has high positive δ13CV-PDB values from 8.6‰ to 12.4‰ and δ18Ov-SMow values of 17.9‰-27.4‰(δ18OV-PDB values ranging from-12.6‰ to-3.4‰).This provides solid evidence for the preservation of reliable sedimentary records of the LJE in the northeastern NCC.Deposition of the high positive δ13C excursion(＞10‰)of marine carbonate rocks occurred at about 2.15 Ga.Lithological comparisons of different sections and whole-rock geochemical results show that the high positive δ13C excursion is mainly controlled by the stratigraphic interval and depositional ages;the changes of sedimentary facies and diagenesis have no significant effects on reducing of the δ13C values.The intrusion of mafic sills into carbonates has resulted in synchronous decrease of C-O isotopes near the contact zones,but the decreasing amplitude of δ13C is less than 3‰.Therefore,our study firstly identified marine carbonates with high positive δ13C excursion(＞10‰)from the Gaojiayu Formation,which provides robust evidence for global correlation of the LJE,which has implications for its genesis and global significance.Moreover,due to global near-synchronization of the LJE,the carbon-oxygen isotope chemical stratigraphy of carbonate rocks deposited during the LJE period,combined with geochronological data,can provide new constraints on the stratigraphic subdivision and correlations of Paleoproterozoic sedimentary successions in the NCC.
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    Red algal evidence for a marine regression during closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon generation

    Ruijie ZHANGJian CAOLizeng BIANWenxuan HU...
    2845-2863页
    查看更多>>摘要：The closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean was a significant geological event in northern Pangea during the Carboni-ferous-Permian.It had a significant effect on climate,biota,and environmental conditions of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age,and resulted in the development of vast energy resources.This paper reports on the first discovery of marine red algal fossils in the Junggar Basin and its linkage to hydrocarbon generation.Red algae occur mainly in the Fengcheng Formation(ca.300 Ma)and provide direct fossil evidence for closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.The red algal fossils contain well-preserved reproductive organs,such as cystocarps and carpospores.High concentrations of C27 steranes(C27 regular steranes/sum of C27-C29 regular steranes× 100=14.30％-21.30％)and the marine biomarker 24-n-propylcholesterane(C30 diasterane[βα20S]/sum of C27-C30 diasteranes[βα20S]× 100=1.15％-1.85％)were detected in the red-algae-bearing hydrocarbon source rocks.Thermal experi-ments that simulate hydrocarbon generation show that the oil generation potential of the red-algae-bearing source rocks is 363.71 mg g-1 total organic C.This result,combined with oil-source rock correlations,indicates these rocks contributed to the formation of oil and gas resources,particularly in the marginal areas of the depression.The lake basin inherited the water and biological conditions of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during a marine regression,which was an important factor in the development of these high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in an alkaline saline lake.The results advance our understanding of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,interactions between the ocean and a lake during the deposition of terrestrial hydrocarbon source rocks,and whether red algae can effectively generate hydrocarbons.
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    Explainable artificial intelligence models for mineral prospectivity mapping

    Renguang ZUOQiuming CHENGYing XUFanfan YANG...
    2864-2875页
    查看更多>>摘要：Mineral prospectivity mapping(MPM)is designed to reduce the exploration search space by combining and analyzing geological prospecting big data.Such geological big data are too large and complex for humans to effectively handle and interpret.Artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms,which are powerful tools for mining nonlinear mineralization patterns in big data obtained from mineral exploration,have demonstrated excellent performance in MPM.However,AI-driven MPM faces several challenges,including difficult interpretability,poor generalizability,and physical inconsistencies.In this study,based on previous studies,we devised a novel workflow that aims to constructing more transparent and explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)models for MPM by embedding domain knowledge throughout the AI-driven MPM,from input data to model design and model output.This newly proposed approach provides strong geological and conceptual leads that guide the entire AI-driven MPM model training process,thereby improving model interpretability and performance.Overall,the development of XAI models for MPM is capable of embedding prior and expert knowledge throughout the modeling process,presenting a valuable and promising area for future research designed to improve MPM.
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