查看更多>>摘要：It has historically been very difficult to trace the history of the westward transmission of Chinese medicine through the accounts of its protagonists.Many of the early scholars such as Jack Worsley,Dick Van Buren,and Joe Goodman were reluctant to divulge information about the source of their knowledge,or their professional qualifications.Others,such as John Shen and Hong Yuan-bain were early 20th century immigrants who transmitted highly personalized versions of acupuncture and Chinese medicine to select disciples.Eventually,a new class of scholars appeared,including names such as Ted Kaptchuk,Peter Deadman,Nigel Wiseman,William Morris,Peter Eckman,John McDonald,Charles Buck,and the late Giovanni Maciocia who looked for answers back in China,developed translation methodologies and terminology,compiled the main textbooks currently in use at TCM colleges,overcame enormous scholastic adversity,developed courses and pursued the regulation and accreditation of TCM in various countries.This special issue synopsizes the path towards the global acculturation of TCM over the last 50 years,the main protagonists,the enormous accomplishments they have achieved for the profession,their philosophy,their clinical perspectives and visions for the future.
查看更多>>摘要：The interview was conducted on November 20th,2022 by Ioannis Solos and Charles Buck.Ted Kaptchuk(泰开阳)is a Professor of Medicine and a Professor of Global Health&Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School.In 1975,he graduated from the Macau Institute of Chinese Medicine,Macau,China.After returning to the West,Ted taught Chinese medicine throughout the States,Europe,Latin America,and Australia.Ted's book,The Web that Has No Weaver:Understanding Chinese Medicine is a groundbreaking explanation of East Asian medicine that continues to shape the discourse of the Chinese medicine profession in the West and has been translated into 13 languages.In 1990,Ted was recruited in Harvard Medical School to help research Chinese medicine.After encountering high placebo responses in multiple acupuncture clinical trials,Ted decided to switch his career to primarily studying placebo.He has published over 300 peer-reviewed articles.He has been awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Acupuncture Research(2015),the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies(2021),and the William Silen Lifetime Achievement Award in Mentoring from Harvard Medical School(2022).
查看更多>>摘要：This interview was conducted on August 21st,2022 by Charles Buck and Ioannis Solos.Peter Deadman has worked in the field of health promotion for 50 years.He co-founded Infinity Foods(an organic and natural foods workers co-op)in 1971,followed by the Brighton Natural Health Centre—a charity dedicated to teaching ways to improve personal,community and planetary health and wellbeing.He qualified as an acupuncturist in 1978 and in Chinese herbal medicine in 1990.He founded The Journal of Chinese Medicine(UK)in 1979(Fig.1),and co-authored A Manual of Acupuncture(published in 1998).He is the author of Live Well Live Long:Teachings from the Chinese Nourishment of Life Tradition.He has taught Chinese medicine and health promotion internationally for decades and is a dedicated practitioner and teacher of Qi Gong(气功).
查看更多>>摘要：The interview was conducted on March 2nd,2023 by Ioannis Solos and Charles Buck.William Morris has sustained practice since 1980.He has served on the California,Texas and Massachusetts Professional Associations,as well as the National Association.He has tendered 20 years of service to the field through academic medicine,earning a master's degree in medical education to assist in developing Chinese medical doctoral programs and institutional review boards.He earned an OM.D.in 1988,a DAOM in 2002,and a Ph.D.focused on pulse diagnosis as clinical epistemology in 2009.He has published five books,including TCM Case Studies Dermatology,Li Shi-zhen Pulse Studies:An Illustrated Guide,Neoclassical Pulse Diagnosis,Cycles in Medical Astrology,and Transformation:Treating Trauma with Acupuncture and Herbs.
查看更多>>摘要：In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.
查看更多>>摘要：In 2012,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories:acupuncturist,Chinese herbal medicine practitioner,and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser.Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine,followed by Portugal and,recently,New Zealand.The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s.The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses.Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees,and the development,by the profession,of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration.Professional associations,such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA),also developed a framework of professional self-regulation,including Codes of Ethics,Codes of Conduct,ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines,and provided leadership in the development of the profession.After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession,the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001.Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration,which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000,and subsequently became national in 2012.Despite national registration,some barriers still remain,and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare,chronic disease management scheme,and Veterans Affairs.
查看更多>>摘要：In Chinese medicine,practitioners assess patients'complaints,analyze their underlying problems,identify causes and come to a diagnosis,which then directs treatment.What is not obvious and not recorded in a consultation is the clinical reasoning process that practitioners use.The research filmed three practitioners in the UK while they conducted a consultation and treatment on new patients.The practitioners and researchers viewed the films and used them as aide-memoirs while the reasoning process throughout was discussed.In order to determine the pattern,practitioners used the four examinations to gather information from the patient in an iterative process;their aesthetic reasoning was highly developed.Through triangulation they checked the information they received against a detailed understanding of the qi-dynamic.They used highly analytical strategies of forward(inductive)and backward(deductive)reasoning against the prototypes of the signs and symptoms that indicate a specific Zheng.This was achieved through an abductive process that linked description with explanation and causal factors with pathological mechanisms.The feedback loop with the patient continued through the consultation and into the treatment.A process of translation and interpretation was needed to turn the patient's story into the practitioner's story of qi-dynamics that then directed the treatment.Awareness of our clinical reasoning process will mitigate against biases,improve our diagnoses and treatment choices and support the training of students.
查看更多>>摘要：Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic)has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years.Despite this key relevance,many of its ideas and practices have proven difficult to understand and implement fully into clinical practice.Cultural and language differences can be compounded with these challenges but may also present new opportunities for advancement and insight when studied by researchers outside of the originating culture.This article introduces the method of Classical-Text Archaeology and delves into the author's two-decade journey of researching this text,with a discussion on cultural differences and issues of medical scholarship.
查看更多>>摘要：Ever since the introduction of Western biomedicine into China,there has been friction between proponents of this new approach,and proponents of the traditional medical practices that had evolved over thousands of years in China.For the most part,this friction has been couched in the unexamined assumption that Western medicine is based on science,while Chinese medicine is not.This article will examine that assumption,which in this author's opinion is unjustified and incorrect.Having practiced acupuncture for the past 50 years,after receiving my doctoral degrees in medicine and physiology,my thinking on this topic has also evolved over time.I will begin this article with some historical information that bears on the topic under discussion,followed by my personal ideas about how to resolve the conflicts that have arisen.
查看更多>>摘要：Acupuncture enjoys a robust evidence base for dozens of clinical conditions and decades of research exploring its mechanisms of action.It has over 9,000 positive recommendations from official government and clinical guidelines.However,it still remains relatively inaccessible in the United States,Europe and elsewhere,especially compared to the strength of evidence-based recommendations for its use.Acupuncture would benefit from robust implementation strategies,utilizing insights and approaches from implementation science.The clinical use of Botox for migraine suffered from weaker evidence of effectiveness and greater evidence of harm,but using a streamlined and robust implementation strategy,Allergan was able to achieve widespread implementation from when it began its efforts around 2010.Such a systematic approach that identifies and overcomes barriers to implementation for acupuncture would benefit millions of people who currently are offered less effective and more invasive treatments,contrary to the recommendations of clinical guidelines.
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