摘要
合作社的益贫性是其获得政策优惠的根本理由之一.然而,理论分析表明,合作社为了追求效率,倾向于排斥小农,因而并不必然益贫,要实现益贫性,必须实行"门户开放".基于中国合作社实践的实证研究显示,中国的合作社大多只惠及核心社员,大户之间更容易联合,政策扶持落到了理事长更加富裕、政治性社会资本更为丰富的少数合作社的头上,也即中国的合作社大多没有实现益贫性.进一步考察发现,中国的合作社之所以未能实现益贫性,根本原因在于现实中绝大多数"合作社"都不是真正意义上的合作社,这使得合作社实现益贫性的前提不复存在,而现有的物资支持政策则未能引导合作社发挥益贫作用.合作社要实现益贫性,支持政策必须由物资支持转向制度建构.
Abstract
The pro-poor nature of cooperatives is one of the main reasons for them to receive policy preferences.However,the theoretical analysis suggests that cooperatives are not necessarily pro-poor because they tend to exclude smallholder farmers in the pursuit of efficiency,and thus they need to be"open"to ensure their pro-poorness.Our empirical studies based on the practice of cooperatives in China show that most cooperatives in China benefit only their core members;and it is easier for large farmer households to join together;Additionally,policy support usually goes to a few cooperatives whose chairmen are already relatively wealthy and own more political social capital.In brief,most cooperatives in China do not achieve pro-poor outcomes.Further investigation reveals that the main reason for the failure of our cooperatives to become pro-poor is that the vast majority of them are actually not cooperatives proper,which makes their pro-poorness unrealistic,while existing policies on material support failed to guide cooperatives to play a pro-poor role.To achieve the pro-poorness of cooperatives,support policies need to be shifted from material support to institutional building.
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