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Advancements in implantable temperature sensors:Materials,mechanisms,and biological applications
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Advancements in implantable temperature sensors:Materials,mechanisms,and biological applications
Implantable temperature sensors are revolutionizing physiological monitoring and playing a crucial role in diagnos-tics,therapeutics,and life sciences research.This review classifies the materials used in these sensors into three categories:metal-based,inorganic semiconductor,and organic semiconductor materials.Metal-based materials are widely used in medi-cal and industrial applications due to their linearity,stability,and reliability.Inorganic semiconductors provide rapid response times and high miniaturization potential,making them promising for biomedical and environmental monitoring.Organic semi-conductors offer high sensitivity and ease of processing,enabling the development of flexible and stretchable sensors.This review analyzes recent studies for each material type,covering design principles,performance characteristics,and applications,highlighting key advantages and challenges regarding miniaturization,sensitivity,response time,and biocompatibility.Further-more,critical performance parameters of implantable temperature sensors based on different material types are summarized,providing valuable references for future sensor design and optimization.The future development of implantable temperature sensors is discussed,focusing on improving biocompatibility,long-term stability,and multifunctional integration.These advance-ments are expected to expand the application potential of implantable sensors in telemedicine and dynamic physiological moni-toring.
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display,School of Optics and Photonics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
Department of Urology,Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University,National Center for Children's Health,Beijing 100045,China
implantable temperature sensors biological applications flexible electronics
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