The mining and metallurgical remains from the Xia and Shang periods in the western Liaoning region can be di-vided into two stages.The first stage roughly corresponds to the Xia and early Shang periods,while the second stage corre-sponds to the late Shang period.During the first stage,a model of separation between mining,smelting,and casting similar to that of the Central Plains emerged,but there were fundamental differences in production scale and specialization.The mineral resources from this period were mainly supplied to local and surrounding areas,with a small amount possibly transported to the Central Plains.The mining and metallurgical production model in the second stage was similar to that of the first stage,but there were also cases where mining and smelting occurred at the same site.The metal resources from this stage were not only supplied to local and surrounding areas but were also likely transported to the copper casting workshops of the Shang Dynasty and the Lijiayao Culture.
Western Liaoning RegionXia and Shang DynastiesMining SitesCopper Smelting Sites
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