The Historical Essence of"Inner Tuán and Outer Bó"in Chinese Wushu:A Study Based on the Review of Ancient Wushu Books in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty
This study deepens the exploration and understanding of the historical essence of Chinese Wushu from the perspectives of traditional primary school studies,literature studies,and Wushu history.Taking the original or photo-copied editions of ancient Wushu books from the middle and late Ming Dynasty as the focus,and the textual research of"Tuán"in"Biography of Zhang Songxi,the Practitioner of Tuán"by Shen Yiguan,the first minister of the Ming Dynasty,as the starting point,this paper places"Tuán"in the context of the development history of Chinese Wushu,conducts a comparative analysis,and draws the following conclusions:1)"Tuán"in"Biography of Zhang Songxi,the Practitioner of Tuán"is an archaic variant of the traditional Chinese character"Tuán"(搏),which is simplified as"Tuán(抟)".It was a popular Wushu concept in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,embodying the unique mean-ings of tranquility,concentration,and reliance.It manifested as"the'quiet introspection'of practitioners'tempera-ment,the'circular transformation'of movements,the internal cultivation of essence,qi,and spirit,and the secret techniques of'tuán acupoint'cultivation".2)The Wushu connotation of"tuán"became prominent during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and was integrated into all levels of the official and folk Wushu circles in China.The his-torical process of Chinese Wushu was elevated to an internally transcendent level of"tuán"(from technique to Tao)during this period,forming the essential characteristic of"inner tuán and outer bó"(internal cultivation and external fighting).3)The Wushu essence of"tuán"has been passed down through the development of Wushu and continues to this day under the name of"tuishou"(pushing hands).When discussing the development of Chinese Wushu,we should not only focus on"the debate of Wushu techniques"but also grasp its historical essence of"inner tuán and outer bó"and return to the cultivation path of"the harmony between tuán and bó".
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