Diversification of Western Social Governance Theory in the Mid-19th Century
In the middle of the 19th century,with the advancement of the industrial revolution in West-ern countries,the Western society underwent drastic changes.From the political point of view,the industrial revolution made the industrial bourgeoisie the main body of political power.From the economic point of view,the industrial revolution accelerated the economic development and the transformation of the mode of production,and finally laid down and consolidated the capitalist eco-nomic system.From the social structural point of view,the industrial revolution made the Western social structure increasingly simplistic into the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat.How to resolve social problems,alleviate class contradictions,and reduce social antagonism through reasonable and effective social governance has become an urgent and important issue.The different schools of social thought have put forward their own ideas and propositions on social gov-ernance based on their own standpoints.Classical political economists adhered to the basic law of capitalism,free competition,and insisted on"laissez-faire"On the basis of historical materialism.Utilitarians,based on the new requirements of the values of Western capitalist society since indus-trialization,put forward"the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people"as the value prin-ciple of a good social governance state.The Utopian socialists have put forward their own outlook on social development based on a profound analysis of the ills of capitalist society,and put forward a"rational social system"and a"big family alliance"as the ideal state of social governance.Marx-ists proposed the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a communist system through the violent revolution of the proletariat,so as to achieve a good state of social governance in line with the interests of all mankind.Classical political economy,Utilitarianism,Utopian social-ism,Marxism and other ideas on social governance,although their influence and status in the mid-19th century were different,they were all based on the judgment,thinking and reaction to the real-ity of Western society in the 19th century.They were all different choices for the governance of Western society.The mutual influence and even mutual struggle between these different proposi-tions on social governance have prompted Western capitalist countries to face up to social prob-lems,class contradictions,and social confrontations,and gradually adopt a series of social policy measures to restrain the"laissez-faire"social governance norms to a certain extent,strive to follow the principle of"the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people",and strive to realize a"rational social system",to avoid the proletariat to violently overthrow the capitalist system and es-tablish a communist system.These ensure the capitalist system achieve its sustainable development through the continuous selection of reasonable social governance means.
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